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Inhalt archiviert am 2022-12-27

LOW ENERGY HOUSES

Ziel

Construction and testing of 12 one family houses (social dwellings) at LA TOUR DU PIN (Voiron, Isere, France) able to make significant energy savings for a reasonable extra-investment cost.
The objective is a consumption of 10 000 kWh for the space heating of a 250 m3 house with a rough payback period of approximately 10 years at the demonstration level. This payback should be further reduced to 5 years.
1. The operation was monitored in detail over a two-year period using the TELEDIAG system of remote sensing developed and operated by NOVELERG.
One house was used purely for testing and remained unoccupied throughout the monitoring period. However, in order to assess the effects of occupation, a system automatically opened shutters and some of the doors.
2. As a whole, the equipment worked well. In terms of reliability, the results obtained were satisfactory.
Collector performance ranged from 20% to 33% and the heat exchanger efficiency was about 58%.
The heat storage in stone blocks (capacity of 2.2 kWh/deg.C) allowed in mid-season daily heat storage of approximately 4.5 kWh.
During the summer period the comfort conditions inside the house have been found acceptable.
3. ENERGY BALANCE (all figures in kWh/year) :
Heating requirements 19520 (100%)
covered by :
passive solar energy 4080 ( 21%)
aeraulic system4788 ( 24%)
additional inputs 979 ( 5%)
electric convection heaters 9673 ( 50%)
4. ECONOMIC ASPECTS (all costs including taxes) :
- additional capital expenditure per house : 84000 FF
- saving on annual running cost, based on
an average 1983 electricity price
of 0.44 FF/kWh : 4256 FF
- maintenance cost per year : 500 FF
- payback time for the demonstration : 20 years.
5. CONCLUSION
This project is one of the very first examples of low-energy housing which meets the objectives laid down by the French authorities for houses built since 1985.
Thanks to the experiment, it was also possible to discover how energy saving technology could be adapted to a social housing environment so as to take account of the various constraints specifically related to such an environment.
It is unlikely thatthe system will become commercially viable in the short terms, since :
- the fall in oil prices has lengthened the payback period;
- the high cost of reliable active solar equipment can be reduced only if the market expands considerably;
- comparable energy savings can now be achieved by using other techniques such as passive solar heating, reinforced insulation, ventilation with humidity control, programming, etc., which cost less in capital investment terms than an active solar system.
In the longer term, however, it is conceivable that such a system could be profitably marketed if energy prices rose appreciably and if the additional capital costs could be reduced significantly by the mass production
of components.
1. Each house is a four-room dwelling (net living space 94.5 m2) with a conservatory (11.5 m2; 23 m3), a garage, a store room (5 m3) and solar collectors (15 m2).
The structure is made of timber frames.
2. The BIOCLIMATIC (PASSIVE) CONCEPT is based on :
- reinforced insulation
- south oriented glazed surfaces
- buffer spaces on the north side
- a conservatory, as a simple means of capturing solar energy.
3. The ACTIVE RECOVERY OF ENERGY involves pre-heating the incoming fresh air by means of : - air collectors;
- the conservatory;
- a two-way heat exchanger.
Air was chosen rather than water for the sake of safer operation (no freezing in winter) and greater thermal efficiency (using low-temperature heat).
4. The COMPONENTS can be described as follows :
The SOLPAC system uses only simple and reliable components which blend unobtrusively with the architecture of the house :
- the air collectors (VITRALERG) form a covering and are coated in enamel vitrified athigh temperature which gives them a working life as long as that of the building;
- the heat store, located at one end of the kitchen, consists of a dry stack of HELIOBLOC (patented by NOVELERG). The HELIOBLOCs, which are similar to breeze blocks, thus form a self-supporting and permanently stable structure;
- all the regulators are contained within the SOLPAVENT ventilation structures installed in the roof;
- the SOLPATIC electronic regulation system controls the solar air heating system and the supplementary electric convection heaters installed in each room.
5. The OPERATING PRINCIPLES are based on five different functions : storage, ventilation, direct heating, discharging and production of domestic hot water.

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