Periodic Reporting for period 4 - NanoThermo (Energy Conversion and Information Processing at Small Scales) Periodo di rendicontazione: 2021-01-01 al 2021-12-31 Sintesi del contesto e degli obiettivi generali del progetto The overarching goal of the project is to establish a thermodynamic theory describing energy conversion and information processing in small fluctuating synthetic or biological systems operating far from equilibrium. Such a theory is crucial to understand the energetic aspects of quantum and nano-technologies as well as molecular biology. Lavoro eseguito dall’inizio del progetto fino alla fine del periodo coperto dalla relazione e principali risultati finora ottenuti Thermodynamics for quantum systems:Quantum thermodynamics frameworks have been developed for systems subjected to repeated interactions -- not only using effective time-dependent interactions [Phys. Rev. X 7, 021003 (2017)] but also using scattering theory [PRX Quantum 2, 020312 (2021)] -- as well as for systems continuously interacting with reservoir and described by coherent quantum master equations [Entropy 18, 447 (2016) & Phys. Rev. E. 99, 042142 (2019) & New J. Phys. 22, 103039 (2020)]. Thermodynamics for small electronic circuits subjected to thermal noise:We established such a theory for linear [Phys. Rev. X 10, 031005 (2020)] and nonlinear circuits [ Phys. Rev. X 10, 031005 (2020)], including CMOS-based circuits used in the latest computers.Thermodynamics for chemical reaction networks:We established such as theory for deterministic [Phys. Rev. X 6, 041064 (2016)] and stochastic [J. Chem. Phys. 149, 245101 (2018)] chemical dynamics. We use it to study the efficiency of dissipative synthesis [Nature Communications 10, 3865 (2019)] and -- after including diffusion -- to study the energetics of Turing patterns [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 108301 (2018)], chemical waves [J. Chem. Phys. 151, 234103 (2019)] and chemical cloaking [Phys. Rev. E 101, 060102(R) (2020)]. We also extended the theory to nonideal solutions [J. Chem. Phys. 154, 094114 (2021)], photochemical drives [J. Chem. Phys. 155, 114101 (2021)] and non-elementary reactions [New J. Phys. 20, 042002 (2018) & New J. Phys. 22, 093040 (2020)]. Collective effects boosting performance:We showed that nonequilibrium phase transitions generated by interactions among thermodynamic machines can improving the performance of energy conversion [EPL 120, 30009 (2017) & Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 250603 (2020)], in particular synchronization [Phys. Rev. X 8, 031056 (2018) & Phys. Rev. E 99, 022135 (2019)].Thermodynamics of information processing: We identified strict criteria for Maxwell demons mechanisms [Phys. Rev. E 103, 032118 (2021)] and majority logic as a strategy to improve erasure efficiencies [Entropy 21, 284 (2019)]. We also developed a theory of quantum information flows [Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 150603 (2019)] and highlighted the information origin of quantum dissipation [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 200603 (2019)].Fundamental thermodynamic bounds:We discovered a universal trade-off (expressed solely in terms of the Boltzmann constant) between the time to realize a process and the dissipation needed to power it [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 120604 (2020)]. We also unified various uncertainty relations bounding the accuracy of a process by its dissipation [New J. Phys. 22, 053046 (2020)].Stochastic thermodynamics:We demonstrated the fundamental role that conservation laws have in shaping dissipation [New J. Phys. 20, 023007 (2018)].We established a unifying perspective on fluctuation theorems [Entropy 20, 635 (2018)].We showed how to extend stochastic thermodynamics when the interaction between the system and the reservoirs is strong [Phys. Rev. E 95, 062101 (2017) & Phys. Rev. B 97, 205405 (2018) & Phys. Rev. E 101, 050101(R) (2020)].We found linear response methodologies valid far-from-equilibrium [New J. Phys. 23, 093003 (2021) & Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 180601 (2016)].We designed thermodynamically consistent coarse-grained schemes [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240601 (2017) & Phys. Rev. E 103, 042114 (2021)]. Progressi oltre lo stato dell’arte e potenziale impatto previsto (incluso l’impatto socioeconomico e le implicazioni sociali più ampie del progetto fino ad ora) We believe that the foundations of a thermodynamics for small systems have to a large extend been established. Many fascinating applications can now be considered ranging from realistic thermodynamics assessments on modern schemes of computation to the energetic of living systems at the cellular level. Illustration of a biochemical assembler (image also appears in our 2019 Nat. Comm. publication)
