More realistic musculoskeletal models
Due to the inherent model complexity, both natural and computational, of the musculoskeletal system, simulations are most often confined to a simplified description of a very specific problem. A multidisciplinary consortium has developed biomechanically realistic computational models of parts of the musculoskeletal system with EU funding of the project 'MuscleUp - Towards an interface for detailed musculoskeletal models' (MUSCLEUP). The scientists have incorporated 3D tissue structures as well as boundary and loading conditions for a step-change in capabilities. The team brought together expertise in software engineering and constitutive modelling of tissues, specifically development of continuum mechanical models and multi-body simulations. Researchers also contributed their knowledge and experience with experimental techniques and clinical applications. This was of critical importance in using and developing models to determine realistic dynamical loading behaviour to correlate anatomy and physiology of the human body as well as to develop in silico mechanical tests for implants. Excellent teamwork and collaboration, both within and external to the consortium, fostered innovation and important advances in musculoskeletal modelling by considering realistic input from muscular contractions. The team has developed 3D continuum-mechanical models, 1D multi-body models and skeletal muscle models exploiting electromyography data. They have also produced coupled 3D and 1D models for more realistic representations. This work has led to several publications on topics related musculoskeletal research including the use of models to assist in placing sensors for tracking movements of the musculoskeletal system. In contrast to other sites, MUSCLEUP includes a graphical user interface that enables 3D visualisation of the model systems within a web browser: the MuscleUp-DataBase System. The project currently includes models of the tongue, pelvic floor and upper arm. The spine is under construction. Models form an important part of the research cycle. Experimentation provides data to refine theories and mathematical descriptions of behaviours. The optimised models support formation of predictions and a means to test hypotheses. With more realistic models of various components of the musculoskeletal system, MUSCLEUP has made an important contribution to understanding of health, disease, trauma and therapy.
Keywords
Musculoskeletal, musculoskeletal models, boundary conditions, continuum mechanics, multi-body models
