From its start in October 2021, ENOUGH advanced through integrated work packages covering modelling, technology development, business models, digital tools, demonstrations, policy analysis and dissemination. Emissions modelling established baselines for 1990 and 2019 and projected reductions to 2050, showing that cumulative emissions could fall by over 60% under a low-emission pathway, driven by grid decarbonisation and energy efficiency improvements. Dietary modelling indicated that replacing meat with alternative proteins could cut emissions by up to 32% while maintaining nutritional adequacy.
Six detailed technology roadmaps were developed, each addressing technologies for processing, storage, transport, retail, food service and domestic sectors in six countries. These prioritised high-TRL solutions such as natural refrigerants, heat pumps, thermal energy storage, heat recovery and smart controls. The roadmaps are openly available and have supported wider uptake by providing clear guidance on the technologies available and expected emission reductions. Business model analysis identified servitisation and performance-based approaches, such as cooling-as-a-service and energy-as-a-service, as effective for overcoming upfront cost barriers, particularly for SMEs.
Digital innovation included an IoT‑driven Smart Data platform integrating digital twins for real‑time monitoring and optimisation, and the ENOUGH web‑based simulation tool for modelling food supply chains and calculating energy use, GHG emissions and product quality (
https://frisbee-etool.inrae.fr/(opens in new window)). The tool is freely available for food companies to evaluate cold‑chain scenarios and compare GHG emissions. Demonstrations validated 21 technologies under real- world conditions including high-temperature heat pumps replacing fossil steam, advanced freezing with up to 14% energy savings, dynamic controlled atmosphere stores cutting energy by 10%, and domestic systems with savings of up to 38%. Retail and transport demonstrations integrated natural refrigerants, solar power and thermal storage for low-emission operation. The innovations were grouped by technology area to illustrate the shift away from high‑emission options, and the highest technology readiness level achieved was noted for each. Examples include natural refrigerants and long‑term storage technologies (TRL 9), as well as high‑temperature heat pumps, thermal energy storage, heat recovery and efficient system configurations (TRL 8). Dissemination and engagement were extensive, including over 100 events, 21 factsheets, videos, newsletters and a dedicated special issue in the International Journal of Refrigeration (
https://www.sciencedirect.com/special-issue/10JMWV47M32(opens in new window)). Links to the simulation tool, publications, illustrations and further material can be found on the project website (
https://enough-emissions.eu(opens in new window)).
Policy analysis produced actionable recommendations for harmonised emissions reporting, SME finance, targeted standards and demand-side measures such as labelling and procurement criteria. Collaboration across Green Deal Food Working Group projects was also an important element of ENOUGH’s work. ENOUGH contributed to a shared action plan covering policy, knowledge sharing, events and technical cooperation. Activities included joint policy briefs, shared stakeholder mapping, analysis of common barriers and drivers, and coordination of participation in public events. Collaboration also addressed overlapping technical themes such as climate‑neutral packaging, thermal energy storage and food loss reduction, supported by shared documentation and regular thematic meetings.
