Periodic Reporting for period 1 - WASTE2H2 (PLASTIC WASTE VALORIZATION TO CLEAN H2 AND DECARBONIZED CHEMICALS BY CATALYTIC DECONSTRUCTION WITH NOVEL IONIC LIQUID-BASED CATALYTIC SYSTEMS)
Reporting period: 2024-03-01 to 2025-02-28
In an era where environmental sustainability is paramount, the WASTE2H2 project emerges as a beacon of innovation. This initiative, titled "Plastic Waste Valorization to Clean H2 and Decarbonized Chemicals through Catalytic Deconstruction by Novel Ionic Liquid-Based Catalytic Systems," addresses two critical global challenges: efficient plastic waste management and the generation of sustainable, low-cost decarbonized products, including energy and carbon materials.
Plastic waste from daily consumption generates vast environmental and ecological concerns. Currently, approximately 300 million tons of plastic are produced annually worldwide, with projections reaching 1,200 million tons by 2050. However, according to UNEP, less than 9% of this plastic is recycled, 12% is incinerated, and the remaining 79% accumulates in landfills and natural environments, severely polluting waterways and aquifers.
Several approaches exist for plastic waste valorization, such as chemical recycling for feedstocks and energy recovery. However, economic viability remains a challenge. Additionally, the increasing global demand for both energy and plastics necessitates the development of clean, cost-effective, and sustainable energy sources.
WASTE2H2 proposes a novel approach that integrates Ionic Liquid (IL)-based catalytic systems with microwave (MW) irradiation to selectively produce highly pure hydrogen (H2) and valuable decarbonized chemicals from plastic waste. This innovative method directly contributes to plastic waste remediation and sustainable energy production, closing the loop within a circular economy and addressing climate change challenges.
The primary objective of WASTE2H2 is to validate the feasibility of this groundbreaking solution at Technology Readiness Level 4 (TRL4). The project focuses on developing innovative IL-based catalytic systems that, combined with MW irradiation, can continuously produce clean hydrogen and solid carbon from the catalytic deconstruction of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), and Polystyrene (PS)—all with zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This process also facilitates catalyst recovery, easy separation of co-produced carbon material, and a pure hydrogen stream.
From a scientific and technical perspective, WASTE2H2 is highly ambitious, as it tackles three major challenges faced by the scientific community: climate change mitigation, sustainable energy production, and plastic waste management. Furthermore, it contributes to industrial decarbonization and reduces dependency on foreign energy sources and feedstocks.
Economic Impact
WASTE2H2's economic viability is founded on four key pillars:
1. Efficient Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysis – Enhancing selectivity toward decarbonized products while preventing catalyst deactivation, facilitating product separation, reducing downstream processing costs, lowering process temperatures, and minimizing operational expenses (OPEX).
2. Microwave Heating Technology – Reducing overall energy consumption compared to conventional heating methods.
3. Utilization of Plastic Waste as Feedstock – Lowering costs related to plastic waste management and conventional recycling.
4. Commercialization of Solid Carbon Byproducts – Generating revenue from the sale of carbon nanomaterials to offset catalytic cracking costs and reduce the final price of sustainable hydrogen.
In the long term, various industries will benefit from WASTE2H2 technology. The waste treatment sector will gain a new, highly efficient, and environmentally friendly route for chemical plastic valorization. The chemical industry will have access to cost-effective, sustainable hydrogen production technology. Hydrogen logistics and storage could be simplified by transporting the WASTE2H2 catalytic system instead of liquid or gaseous hydrogen, making hydrogen stations more cost-efficient with in-situ hydrogen production. Additionally, carbon nanomaterial-dependent industries (e.g. energy, automotive, and sports sectors) will benefit from significantly reduced production costs of nanostructured carbon materials.
Plastic waste from daily consumption generates vast environmental and ecological concerns. Currently, approximately 300 million tons of plastic are produced annually worldwide, with projections reaching 1,200 million tons by 2050. However, according to UNEP, less than 9% of this plastic is recycled, 12% is incinerated, and the remaining 79% accumulates in landfills and natural environments, severely polluting waterways and aquifers.
Several approaches exist for plastic waste valorization, such as chemical recycling for feedstocks and energy recovery. However, economic viability remains a challenge. Additionally, the increasing global demand for both energy and plastics necessitates the development of clean, cost-effective, and sustainable energy sources.
WASTE2H2 proposes a novel approach that integrates Ionic Liquid (IL)-based catalytic systems with microwave (MW) irradiation to selectively produce highly pure hydrogen (H2) and valuable decarbonized chemicals from plastic waste. This innovative method directly contributes to plastic waste remediation and sustainable energy production, closing the loop within a circular economy and addressing climate change challenges.
The primary objective of WASTE2H2 is to validate the feasibility of this groundbreaking solution at Technology Readiness Level 4 (TRL4). The project focuses on developing innovative IL-based catalytic systems that, combined with MW irradiation, can continuously produce clean hydrogen and solid carbon from the catalytic deconstruction of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), and Polystyrene (PS)—all with zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This process also facilitates catalyst recovery, easy separation of co-produced carbon material, and a pure hydrogen stream.
From a scientific and technical perspective, WASTE2H2 is highly ambitious, as it tackles three major challenges faced by the scientific community: climate change mitigation, sustainable energy production, and plastic waste management. Furthermore, it contributes to industrial decarbonization and reduces dependency on foreign energy sources and feedstocks.
Economic Impact
WASTE2H2's economic viability is founded on four key pillars:
1. Efficient Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysis – Enhancing selectivity toward decarbonized products while preventing catalyst deactivation, facilitating product separation, reducing downstream processing costs, lowering process temperatures, and minimizing operational expenses (OPEX).
2. Microwave Heating Technology – Reducing overall energy consumption compared to conventional heating methods.
3. Utilization of Plastic Waste as Feedstock – Lowering costs related to plastic waste management and conventional recycling.
4. Commercialization of Solid Carbon Byproducts – Generating revenue from the sale of carbon nanomaterials to offset catalytic cracking costs and reduce the final price of sustainable hydrogen.
In the long term, various industries will benefit from WASTE2H2 technology. The waste treatment sector will gain a new, highly efficient, and environmentally friendly route for chemical plastic valorization. The chemical industry will have access to cost-effective, sustainable hydrogen production technology. Hydrogen logistics and storage could be simplified by transporting the WASTE2H2 catalytic system instead of liquid or gaseous hydrogen, making hydrogen stations more cost-efficient with in-situ hydrogen production. Additionally, carbon nanomaterial-dependent industries (e.g. energy, automotive, and sports sectors) will benefit from significantly reduced production costs of nanostructured carbon materials.
During the first year of WASTE2H2 (March 2024-February 2025), multiple tasks and activities have been executed across different work packages (WPs):
• Selection, synthesis, and characterization of Ionic Liquids (ILs) using both experimental and computational methods.
• Synthesis and characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MO-NPs) and the preliminary development of catalytic systems.
• Preliminary setup of the microwave reactor for catalytic testing and evaluation of IL interactions with MW irradiation.
• Initial development of a digital model to map the WASTE2H2 process.
The selection of suitable ionic liquids is crucial for the project's success. During this first year, modifications of IL cations and anions were performed based on partner expertise and theoretical calculations. As a result, some ILs able of solubilizing/dispersing target plastics while maintaining thermal stability at target reaction temperatures have been successfully synthesized and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis (D2.1 public deliverable, Month 10).
In parallel, a selection of catalytically active MO-NPs with enhanced MW properties was made based on literature findings. The first batches of active MO-NPs have been synthesized and characterized. Preliminary catalytic tests using both conventional and MW heating are ongoing, with promising initial results.
The MW reactor setup has also started, aiming to optimize MW efficiency for plastic catalytic cracking. Initial findings provide valuable insights into IL behavior under MW irradiation, as starting point for further studies. Furthermore, preliminary data for a digital model have been compiled to feed the process flowchart, setting the bases for the future WASTE2H2 technology scope.
• Selection, synthesis, and characterization of Ionic Liquids (ILs) using both experimental and computational methods.
• Synthesis and characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MO-NPs) and the preliminary development of catalytic systems.
• Preliminary setup of the microwave reactor for catalytic testing and evaluation of IL interactions with MW irradiation.
• Initial development of a digital model to map the WASTE2H2 process.
The selection of suitable ionic liquids is crucial for the project's success. During this first year, modifications of IL cations and anions were performed based on partner expertise and theoretical calculations. As a result, some ILs able of solubilizing/dispersing target plastics while maintaining thermal stability at target reaction temperatures have been successfully synthesized and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis (D2.1 public deliverable, Month 10).
In parallel, a selection of catalytically active MO-NPs with enhanced MW properties was made based on literature findings. The first batches of active MO-NPs have been synthesized and characterized. Preliminary catalytic tests using both conventional and MW heating are ongoing, with promising initial results.
The MW reactor setup has also started, aiming to optimize MW efficiency for plastic catalytic cracking. Initial findings provide valuable insights into IL behavior under MW irradiation, as starting point for further studies. Furthermore, preliminary data for a digital model have been compiled to feed the process flowchart, setting the bases for the future WASTE2H2 technology scope.
In its first year, WASTE2H2 has advanced beyond the current state-of-the-art in developing Ionic Liquids for polyolefins solubilization/dispersion while maintaining chemical and thermal stability. To the best of our knowledge, identifying and developing ILs with such properties marks a milestone in IL research field.
If successful, WASTE2H2 will represent a breakthrough in plastic waste transformation, offering substantial benefits in plastic waste management, decarbonized material production, clean energy generation, and global sustainability. The most significant advances beyond the-state-of-the-art are expected during the second phase of the project.
If successful, WASTE2H2 will represent a breakthrough in plastic waste transformation, offering substantial benefits in plastic waste management, decarbonized material production, clean energy generation, and global sustainability. The most significant advances beyond the-state-of-the-art are expected during the second phase of the project.