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Advanced manufacturing processes for Low Cost Greener Li-Ion batteries

Final Report Summary - GREENLION (Advanced manufacturing processes for Low Cost Greener Li-Ion batteries)

Executive Summary:
During the first year, GEN0 prototype cells (10–14Ah) were assembled as baseline for the project, from electrodes prepared with commercially available water-soluble binders and graphite/LiFePO4 (C/LFP) chemistry.
The NMC and SLP 30® electrodes (around 1 m2) prepared in a pre-pilot automated coating line were used to assemble GEN1 small pouch cells (0.5-1.5Ah) following the first large cell design (30Ah target) proposed to fulfill the energy requirements of the end-users for an efficient automotive battery module.
While laser notching trials of electrodes with both PVDF and water-based binders were underway, conventional cutting dies (mechanical notching) and manual stacking process were used for GEN0 and GEN1 cell assembly. Automated stacking-winding would be implemented for the GEN2 cell that was adopted as the most efficient electrical and thermal design for high power performance.
The next step was the accomplishment of large area coating of GEN2 electrodes (Graphite anode and NMC cathode). Drying issues were observed in the coating line for these formulations using CMC as binder, especially for the cathode, which was finally manufactured with PVDF in NMP as solvent. New and improved electrode formulations for NMC cathode and a surface modified graphite anode using water-soluble binders were developed in parallel for a final selection and GEN3 manufacturing. The assembly of GEN2 cells (first batch, 30 cells) with the manufactured rolls of electrodes was completed. Up to 45 cells were delivered for testing as well as first prototype module (Mod1) assembly.
The design of a lighter battery module first prototype suitable for automated assembly and easier disassembly was performed, coupled to the GEN2 power oriented cell design. Different aspects such as minimum mechanical fitting by the assembly process, modular assembly including liquid cooled cold plates, mechanical absorption of cell swelling and venting were considered. Mod1 was the first prototype, manufactured using the developed cell technology (GEN2). Mod1 was built manually but some industrial processes were used such as the tab bending and tab welding stations. A preliminary internal CAN communication was established between the module and the outer BMS. On the other hand, the cooling plate that would operate attached to the module was designed and would be manufactured in a short term.
LCA and recycling activities were fed at this stage of the project with more specific data and this activity was more focused on the expected final designs and processes.
The main activity during the last period of the project was focused on the final product side, i. e.:
Definitive GEN3 cells manufacturing with both electrodes coated from aqueous slurries(over 100 samples)
Six modules assembly and testing
Final data analysis for the LCA
Definitive PUDF: exploitable results and closure workshop as dissemination main event
On the other hand, some activities related to cells parts improvement continued, such as the achievement of a high temperature stable separator, a safer electrolyte with respect to the Hazard Level (HL) tests on cells and the effect of ionic liquids on the electrolyte conductivity and stability. On the other hand, finally, the goal of the simultaneous double side coating on electrode was achieved and some cell prototypes were assembled and tested.

Project Context and Objectives:
The only way Europe might become competitive against Asian countries in the battery production is through the development of new chemistry/technologies based on innovative materials and processes in this manufacturing value chain, allowing for:
the more environmentally friendly production of the battery components;
the substantial shortening of the battery assembly procedure, and
the easier and more effective disassembly and end-of-life recycling.
Altogether, these improvements will allow higher energy efficiency and substantial production cost reductions thus ensuring a real competitiveness based on new technological IP rather than only mass production optimization.
In the GREENLION project, we address the above issues by the industrial development of eco-designed processes at the electrode, cell and battery module level. At the electrode processing stage (that will be otherwise independent of the active materials chemistry), developing and making use of:
aqueous slurries rather than toxic organic volatile compounds (25% cost reduction);
non-thermoplastic polymers that allow for high temperature drying, which results in shorter and less expensive assembly procedure (10% efficiency); and
easily disposable non-fluorinated polymers (at expected 10 times less materials cost).
At the cell assembly level, further improvements to the existing procedures as well as changes at some steps of the assembly process will be developed to increase energy efficiency and shorten times (and hence lower costs) during the manufacturing process, by implementing:
laser cutting instead of mechanical notching of the electrodes (15% cost),
adjusted stack winding of components from aqueous-based electrodes and their drying process before electrolyte filling and sealing, to lower dry room requirements,
environmentally friendly bonding process for more effective and long-life cell sealing, and
adjusted formation step time (ideally for electrodes with reduced formation cycle) in cell manufacturing line (5% time reduction).
Finally, developing a modular battery allows an easier handling of cells within a complete battery pack. At this battery module level, GREENLION project will design an autonomous unit including its own electrical and thermal management as a simple and reliable building block that will allow the manufacturing and maintenance of the whole battery packs easier and more inexpensively, with the lowest possible environmental impact. This will be achieved by:
lighter battery module designs (including electronics) by implementing air cooled solutions instead of liquid cooling systems (expected 20% less weight),
bonding process of module housing for safe operation but easy disassembling for maintenance and reuse/recycling at their end-of-life, and
automation of module assembly process (3 seconds per cell vs. manual assembly).
These developments will be scaled-up and realized in pilot lines during the project, following a continuous environmental assessment of materials and processes. A validation of the finally assembled battery module will be carried out leaded by the automotive end-user who will also provide the targets and specifications for EV application.
Among the main research topics of the GREENLION Project, are to be highlighted the development of ionic liquid-based electrolytes and the realization of electrodes, prepared through innovative, eco-friendly process routes, based on high-voltage cathode and large-capacity anode materials.
Our basic idea was to favorably combine different IL sets in order to obtain ionic liquid mixtures with improved performance. PYR13FSI-PYR13TFSI mixtures were prepared and investigated in terms of NMR spectroscopy, transport properties and density measurements. Remarkable conduction values, e.g. approaching 10-3 Scm-1, were achieved already at -20°C for mole fraction ranging from 0.6 ≤ x ≤ 0.8. This highlights the synergic effect exhibited in ionic liquid mixtures, especially for low temperature applications.
Commercially available NMC cathode and Timcal SLP 30® graphite anode tapes based on the aqueous CMC binders were prepared using a pre-pilot automated coating line. The cycling performance tests evidenced a time-stable capacity of 130 mA h g-1 for more than 40 cycles with coulombic efficiency higher than 99.0 % for the NMC cathodes. The SLP 30® anodes showed very good performance in terms of reversibility of the intercalation process. The specific capacity leveled 375 mA h g-1 after a few cycles. Upon 80 cycles, the SLP 30® electrodes showed still high cycling stability and columbic efficiency above 99.9 %. These results supported for a further development of the aqueous CMC binder-based electrodes.
In addition, alternative water-soluble binders were studied. Impressive electrochemical performance had recently been reported for Si nanopowder and nanowire anodes prepared from aqueous slurries using 15 wt.% alginate as binder. It was apparent from developed tests that the graphite anode with 7.5 wt% alginate outperformed that with 10 wt% PVDF (a common commercial level) over the course of the first 65 charge/discharge cycles. This result suggested that alginate may be a suitable candidate for aqueous manufacturing of anodes.
The most efficient way of manufacturing battery electrodes is to simultaneously coat both sides of the substrate and to use a flotation dryer for removing the solvent. This configuration requires one of the coatings to be applied in the so called kiss coating mode for the slot coating process. Coating trials were carried out on a pilot machine, allowing the adjustment of parameters to achieve an excellent uniformity of the kiss-coated layer, i.e. by suppressing cross lines generated by web flutter in the flotation dryer, and by suppressing longitudinal bands generated by web deformations upstream of the slot die.
During the first year, GEN0 prototype cells (10–14Ah) were assembled as baseline for the project, from electrodes prepared with commercially available water-soluble binders and graphite/LiFePO4 (C/LFP) chemistry.
The NMC and SLP 30® electrodes (around 1 m2) prepared in a pre-pilot automated coating line were used to assemble GEN1 small pouch cells (0.5-1.5Ah) following the first large cell design (30Ah target) proposed to fulfill the energy requirements of the end-users for an efficient automotive battery module.
While laser notching trials of electrodes with both PVDF and water-based binders were underway, conventional cutting dies (mechanical notching) and manual stacking process were used for GEN0 and GEN1 cell assembly. Automated stacking-winding would be implemented for the GEN2 cell that was adopted as the most efficient electrical and thermal design for high power performance.
The next step was the accomplishment of large area coating of GEN2 electrodes (Graphite anode and NMC cathode). Drying issues were observed in the coating line for these formulations using CMC as binder, especially for the cathode, which was finally manufactured with PVDF in NMP as solvent. New and improved electrode formulations for NMC cathode and a surface modified graphite anode using water-soluble binders were developed in parallel for a final selection and GEN3 manufacturing. The assembly of GEN2 cells (first batch, 30 cells) with the manufactured rolls of electrodes was completed. Up to 45 cells were delivered for testing as well as first prototype module (Mod1) assembly.
The design of a lighter battery module first prototype suitable for automated assembly and easier disassembly was performed, coupled to the GEN2 power oriented cell design. Different aspects such as minimum mechanical fitting by the assembly process, modular assembly including liquid cooled cold plates, mechanical absorption of cell swelling and venting were considered. Mod1 was the first prototype, manufactured using the developed cell technology (GEN2). Mod1 was built manually but some industrial processes were used such as the tab bending and tab welding stations. A preliminary internal CAN communication was established between the module and the outer BMS. On the other hand, the cooling plate that would operate attached to the module was designed and would be manufactured in a short term.
LCA and recycling activities were fed at this stage of the project with more specific data and this activity was more focused on the expected final designs and processes.
The main activity during the last period of the project was focused on the final product side, i. e.:
Definitive GEN3 cells manufacturing with both electrodes coated from aqueous slurries(over 100 samples)
Six modules assembly and testing
Final data analysis for the LCA
Definitive PUDF: exploitable results and closure workshop as dissemination main event
On the other hand, some activities related to cells parts improvement continued, such as the achievement of a high temperature stable separator, a safer electrolyte with respect to the Hazard Level (HL) tests on cells and the effect of ionic liquids on the electrolyte conductivity and stability. On the other hand, finally, the goal of the simultaneous double side coating on electrode was achieved and some cell prototypes were assembled and tested.

Project Results:
After 4 years work, different exploitable results that match the previous concepts can be highlighted.
Novel graphite active material for lithium-ion battery anodes. Process, material parameters and application data: surface modified graphite for application as active material on the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries
Replacement of toxic and environmentally hazardous binders for greener Li-ion electrodes and therefore less costly processing: new aqueous binder for Li-ion battery electrodes
Utilization of aqueous binders by preventing Aluminum corrosion due to preparation of current collector: coating of current collectors for use of aqueous binders in Li-ion battery electrodes
Replacement of conventional graphitic anode active materials with high capacity group iv lithium alloying materials: semiconductor nanowire materials as alternatives to graphitic anode active materials
Replacement of flammable solvents with chemically inert ionic liquids: non-flammable lithium-ion battery electrolyte components (ionic liquids)
Li-ion cells with more environmentally friendly materials and fabrication processes: cell design based on electrodes with aqueous binders
The venting system will allow extracting the gases from the cell and prevent explosion of the cell in case of runaway: cell venting system
Multifunctional frame including embedded pouch cell into frame by thermal union, assembling process development and auxiliary materials selection: multifunctional frame
Environmentally friendly module for car manufacturers and lithium-ion modules users, Utilization of a green module: lighter and greener battery modules for Evs
Battery assembling processes, machines and lay-out: Li-ion module/battery pack automated assembling process
Processes for recycling battery components using hydrometallurgy treatments. These processes will recover the battery constituents both in metallic and solution form: environmentally friendly processes for GREENLION Li-ion battery recycling
Modelization of Life Cycle Inventories related to manufacturing of lithium-ion battery or raw materials: LCA data
The newly developed separator membrane provides dimensional stability at high temperatures: High temperature stable separator membranes based on water soluble polymers
The cell-frame assembly has been studied so that it could be done by a thermal bonding. The swelling of the cell is taken into account in this design as a core characteristic for the cell life cycling: prismatized pouch cell couple with swelling space
The main advantage of this stacked design is its modularity and easy assembly between parts of the stack and the base (Al base): prismatized pouch cell stacking design
Build up and test of a modular design of Cell Management Controller (CMC) and Battery Management Controller (BMC) with CAN bus: BMS design
Thermal losses cause different temperature distribution between single cells and local hot spots. An optimized design avoids these hot spots, extend life time of cells and module, increase electrical efficiency of battery and reduce cooling demand: module design with focus on thermal aspect
Customization of developed CMC and test bench: interface between test facilities and test ítem

Potential Impact:
GREENLION will provide advances to a number of scientific and engineering challenges for battery cell and module manufacturing, and their performance thereof. The successful resolution of these will lead to breakthroughs in automotive lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles and thus to the development of a sustainable mobility and quality of life.
Greening our transport system is necessary not only to avoid the influence of oil supply ($147 per barrel peak in 2008) but also to achieve EU and international targets in emissions reductions. In the EU, 19% of total greenhouse gas emissions and 28% of CO2 emissions in 2005 are linked to the transport sector. More than 90% of the total EU transport-related emissions are due to road transport. While total EU emissions declined, transport emissions increased continuously between 1990 and 2005 due to high growth in both passenger (28%) and freight transport (62%).
Current and near-term (i.e. Li-ion) battery technology development is one of the key factors on the Mobility Electrification and the large scale production of these automotive batteries and reducing their costs is, in fact, critical for market entry and acceptance of Electric Vehicles. In order to achieve a break-even cost with internal combustion engines, battery costs must be reduced from the current estimated range of 675 € to 500 € per kilowatt-hour (kWh) at high volume production (order of 100 k units) down to 350 to 275 €/kWh by 2020. R&D to improve power (W/kg) and energy density (Wh/kg) in order to increase driving autonomy, reductions in recharge time and achieving life cycles that approach vehicle life spans is also imperative. Increasing production rate from 10,000 to 100,000 batteries/year reduces cost by ~30-40% [5].
GREENLION addresses further reduction costs driven not only by high volume manufacturing, but also from the components processing conditions. The use of water based binders, an order of magnitude cheaper than conventional fluorinated ones will drive down the cell manufacturing costs, besides being more environmentally friendly and eco-sustainable at the end of life of the cells. Besides the improvement in environmental, health and safety terms (including "working-condition-friendly" considerations), the initial inversion and running costs of the solvent recovery system would be avoided and water is indeed cheaper than NMP. Even though in current production plants the recovered NMP is purified and offered again at 50% of the cost of pure solvent, distilled water is also cheaper (0.20 €/L) than 50% of pure NMP 0.90 €/L (~1.8 €/L pure).
Expected impact in the field of new competitive processes, by means of production automation is also foreseen. Not only will the results of the project efforts enable lower cost and greener lithium battery packs production, but also equipment manufacturing and high added value processes will be developed. These new automated processes will contribute to a substantial cost reduction of lithium battery packs, and will facilitate their introduction to mass production.
Automation and new process development will improve the quality and yield of the production, while at same time reduces labor costs per kWh. This project, with the development of the specific equipments for module assembling, will enable a cycle time of 3 seconds for each cell. This results in a module production capacity of 880MWh/year.
Globally, automation and equipment development in this project will enable a cost reduction of the whole battery pack of 15%. Having in mind that only 24% of the cost is related to the module/pack manufacturing (60% are materials components and 16% are transports and others), it represents a major step in the way to mass production. Market growing will also pull down the prices of the materials, and it will open the way to the mass production at competitive costs.
An internal survey to organize potential dissemination activities was finished in Feb 2015 (launched in Jan 2015).The main conclusions of this survey were:
This survey was and is useful in order to know which partners are interested in which fields of dissemination so that there could be collaborations between partners after the project: how, when, what was defined through this survey.
Share of knowledge with respect to interesting fairs and events as well as European platforms
White Paper (WP) was launched (continuation of ELIBAMA project) as a specific activity to be fulfilled and replaced any further training activity or e-learning, since there was not agreement on how/who should take care of those post-Greenlion activities and found that the WP was an effective and productive way to share the knowledge of the project.
CIDETEC as COO will inform the Consortium about the post-Greenlion events like the announcement, we recently did about CIDETEC’s participation in EEVC2015 during the projects day (1st of Dec).
The final event of San Sebastian, which was not in the DoW, was finally organized and data about the type of event and content was taken from this survey.
Regarding the ongoing White Paper as a continuation of the WP started by ELIBAMA project this is the index in which GREENLION is working. The WP will be ready before the end of 2015 and uploaded to both, Greenlion and Elibama websites.
Regarding Greenlion public website statistics, these are the overall figures for the full Project duration:
Project visibility: 230 visits/month
Wide audience worldwide: USA #4, Brazil #8, India #13, China #14, Japan #15, Canada #17, South Korea #19
26% visits through referrals: polimi.it cidetec.es ec.europa.eu semalt.com techgear.gr nanoresearchul.org CORDIS, elcar-project.eu
33% returning, 2.5 pages/visit (2 min)
Engagement with contents: Documents & News (updates)
With a frequency of one every 6 months, Newsletters were published with the most important milestones of each period
Feedback on dissemination survey: How to increase visibility of the project?
Contacting European technical platform (10 positive answers out of 13)
Advertising on the consortium partners (5 positive answers out of 13)  IP and dissemination strategy of companies in conflicts
Creating a project blog (9 positive answers out of 13)  Cost, time and appropriateness need to be considered
Showcasing the project at large fairs (8 positive answers out of 13)  Cost, IP and appropriateness need to be considered
Organizing or attending a final event (11 positive answers out of 14)
Creating of a stakeholder group (9 positive answers out of 13)
Feedback on dissemination survey: Identified European platforms
Eurobat : http://www.eurobat.org/
POLIS : “Electromobility”(http://www.polisnetwork.eu/topics/5/37/Electromobility?topic=true&topics=5)
EASE : European Association for Storage of Energy (http://www.ease-storage.eu/)
AVERE : http://www.avere.org/www/index.php
EGVI : European Green Vehicle Initiative : http://www.egvi.eu/
EGVIA : European Green Vehicle Initiative Association
EERA : European Energy Research Alliance : http://www.eera-set.eu/
ECSEL: Electronic Compoments and System for European Leaderships : http://www.ecsel-ju.eu/web/index.php
RECHARGE : European Association for rechargeable batteries: http://www.rechargebatteries.org/
European Recycling Platform (ERP)
The European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR)
EuPC
Feedback on dissemination survey: Large international fairs
Exhibitions:
ESS (Electrical Energy Storage) : international exhibition for batteries, energy storage systems and innovative production. 10-12 June 2015/ conf: 9-10 June 2015. Munich Germany. Rough cost estimation : 3 000 € for 10m2
World of Energy Solutions Trade fair : 12-14 October 2015, Messe Germany. Concomitent to Battery+storage Rough cost estimation : 3000 €
eCarTech Trade fair for electric & hybrid mobility. 20-22 Oct. 2015 Messe Munchen
EVS28 (in Korea, http://www.evs28.org/)/ EVS 28, 3-6 May 2015. EVS29 will be in Europe again Rough cost estimation : 3 000 € for 10m2.
Enera Energy and environment trade fair. 6-8 May 2015 Madrid Spain
Conferences:
World of Energy Solutions conference : 12-14 October 2015, Messe-stuttgart Germany. 400€ /one day
Batteries 2015 (7-9 oct. 2015, Nice France)
Battery safety summit (http://www.battery-safety-summit.com/)
Feedback on dissemination survey: Final Event
Where ? Who ? When ? How ?
Suggestion: organized as for Ulm and
With presentations from Greenlion partners
In addition, try to match the date with some other event at Bilbao or Basque Country as BIEMH or Vehicle show or whatever…..
Presentations of devices developed in the project coming with short explanation/ posters
Showing prototype
On the other hand, the collaboration with other projects is almost finished since it was linked to the laser cut activity, which is mostly finished. However, the relationship with ELIBAMA project will be strengthened by co-writing the White Paper started by them.
As WP8 leader, RESCOLL tracked partners’ participation in any kind of events and disseminated it to the entire consortium during the technical meetings. These events are also included in the “News” section of the website and the archiving system implemented has been described above. The summary of the participations and contributions presented during the past year is presented below.
Oral presentation to a scientific event: CIDETEC, Advanced Manufacturing Processes for Low Cost Greener Li-ion Batteries, 02/12/2014, EUproject Day on eMobility (at EEVC 2014), Brussels
Oral presentation to a scientific event: POLIMI, Blending Ionic Liquids: anomalous diffusion of TFSI and FSI anions in the pure ILs and their blends, 03/05/2015, ISGC- 3rd International Symposium on Green Chemistry, La Rochelle (France)
Oral presentation to a scientific event: CIDETEC, On the green road to environmentally friendly Li-Ion cells, 28/05/2015, STABLE CLUSTERING MEETING, Brussels
Posters: CIDETEC, Advanced manufacturing processes for Low Cost Greener Li-Ion batteries, 02/06/2015, MAT4BAT, Summer School, La Rochelle, France
Web sites/Applications: CIDETEC, A safer, cheaper, greener Li-ion for electric cars, 25/06/2015, http://ec.europa.eu/research/infocentre/article_en.cfm?artid=35062
Oral presentation to a scientific event: AIT, Greenlion project results: materials, testing, validation and BMS / TMS for environmental friendly Lithium-ion battery module, 08/10/2015, Batteries Event 2015, Nice, France
Organisation of Workshops: CIDETEC, Greenlion Closing Workshop: Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Oral presentation to a scientific event: CIDETEC, Advanced Manufacturing Processes for Low Cost Greener Li-ion Batteries, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: CIDETEC, Advanced Manufacturing Processes for Low Cost Greener Li-ion batteries, 29/10/2015,GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP, Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: CIDETEC, Battery Module Assembly Process, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: CIDETEC, Pilot Line Manufacturing of Electrodes, Cells and Modules, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: AIT, Holistic Battery module development with testing and simulation, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: ENEA, Battery performance of ionic liquid-based electrolyte systems with innovative electrodes, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations
Posters: KIT, Approaching environmentally friendly processing for lithium-ion batteries utilizing water-soluble binders, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: MANZ, Electrode laser cutting: a possible alternative to electrode mechanical notching, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: POLIMI, Molecular Dynamics and NMR study of Li+ association and diffusion in CMC solutions, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: POLIMI, NMC Particle and Crystallite Size: Critical Aspects in Processing Cathode Slurries, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: POLIMI, Ionic Liquids for lithium batteries: a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigation, 29/10/2015,GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: RESCOLL, LCA AND ECODESIGN OF GREENLION LIION MODULE FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: SEAT, Li-Ion Systems Tests Compendium II, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Posters: UL, Progress in Nanowire Anodes During The Greenlion Project, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
Videos: MASS, Tab laser welding, 29/10/2015, GREENLION CLOSING WORKSHOP Towards Advanced, Green Batteries: Realities and Expectations, Donostia
At the same time, the scientific submitted publications during this period were:
A Rapid, Solvent-Free Protocol for the Synthesis of Germanium Nanowire Lithium-Ion Anodes with a Long Cycle Life and High Rate Capability, Emma Mullane , Tadhg Kennedy , Hugh Geaney , Kevin M. Ryan, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Vol. 6/Issue 21, American Chemical Society, 12/11/2014
Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids Doped with Lithium Salts: How Does Li + Coordination Affect Its Diffusivity?, Franca Castiglione , Antonino Famulari , Guido Raos , Stefano V. Meille , Andrea Mele , Giovanni Battista Appetecchi , Stefano Passerini, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 118/ Issue 47, American Chemical Society, 26/11/2014
Thermal characterization of large size lithium-ion pouch cell based on 1d electro-thermal model, G. Vertiz , M. Oyarbide , H. Macicior , O. Miguel , I. Cantero , P. Fernandez de Arroiabe , I. Ulacia, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 272, Elsevier, 01/12/2014
Polyurethane Binder for Aqueous Processing of Li-Ion Battery Electrodes, Nicholas Loeffler , Thomas Kopel , Guk-Tae Kim , Stefano Passerini, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162/ Issue 14, Electrochemical Society, Inc., 01/01/2015
Nanowire Heterostructures Comprising Germanium Stems and Silicon Branches as High-Capacity Li-Ion Anodes with Tunable Rate Capability, Tadhg Kennedy , Michael Bezuidenhout , Kumaranand Palaniappan , Killian Stokes , Michael Brandon , Kevin M. Ryan, ACS Nano, Vol. 9/ Issue 7, American Chemical Society, 28/07/2015
Multiple points of view of heteronuclear NOE: Long range vs short range contacts in pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids in the presence of Li salts, Franca Castiglione , Giovanni Battista Appetecchi , Stefano Passerini , Walter Panzeri , Serena Indelicato , Andrea Mele, Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 210, Elsevier, 01/10/2015
High Temperature Stable Separator for Lithium Batteries Based on SiO2 and Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum, Diogo Vieira Carvalho, Nicholas Loeffler, Guk-Tae Kim and Stefano Passerini, Membranes, 5(4), MDPI, 23/10/2015
Improved Performance of VO x -Coated Li-Rich NMC Electrodes , Nina Laszczynski , Jan von Zamory , Julian Kalhoff , Nicholas Loeffler , Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula , Stefano Passerini, ChemElectroChem, Vol. 2/ Issue 11, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 01/11/2015
GREENLION Project: Advanced Manufacturing Processes for Low Cost Greener Li-Ion Batteries, Iratxe de Meatza , Oscar Miguel , Iosu Cendoya , Guk-Tae Kim , Nicholas Löffler , Nina Laszczynski , Stefano Passerini , Peter M. Schweizer , Franca Castiglione , Andrea Mele , Giovanni Battista Appetecchi , Margherita Moreno , Michael Brandon , Tadhg Kennedy , Emma Mullane , Kevin M. Ryan , Igor Cantero , Maxime Olive, Electric Vehicle Batteries: Moving from Research towards Innovation, Cham, 01/01/2015
Other type of publications:
Success story on EC website: “A safer, cheaper, greener Li-ion for electric cars” (https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/news/safer-cheaper-greener-li-ion-electric-cars)
Broadcast shooting at AIT Lab.
Regarding the exploitation of results, all the discussions and final remarks are collected in D8.18:
Revision of the identified Exploitable Results.
Highlight innovativeness: more detailed analysis of innovative elements in each area in the characterization tables of the exploitable results.
Patent search and database were finally updated in D8.15:
A revision of analysis procedure for the update was done: narrow search to manageable outputs and to very specific topics according to exploitable results list.
Specific keywords (3) and IPC codes were requested to partners: search with data mining software  output results lists (<1000) for 5 detailed topics (AQ binder & Module design).
The result was a database (Excel file) with detected patents uploaded to GREENLION private FTP.
On the other hand, these are the patents (8) resulted from the work in Greenlion, within the lifetime of the project:
DE-10-2013-111-826.7 “Method for producing an electrode for a lithium-ion battery technology”, WWUM Guk-Tae Kim, Nicholas Loeffler, Italo Doberdo, Nina Laszczynski, Dominic Bresser, Stefano Passerini
PCT/EP2014/072847, “Method for producing an electrode for a lithium-ion battery technology”, WWUM Guk-Tae Kim, Nicholas Loeffler, Italo Doberdo, Nina Laszczynski, Dominic Bresser, Stefano Passerini
EP2261402 B1, “Method for producing germanium semiconductor nanowires”, UL K.M. Ryan, T. Kennedy, E. Mullane
US 8138067 B2, “Method for producing germanium semiconductor nanowires”, UL K.M. Ryan, T. Kennedy, E. Mullane
EP14163334.7 “Silicon or Germanium network structure for use as an anode in a battery”, UL K.M. Ryan, C. Barrett
US14594548, “Silicon or Germanium network structure for use as an anode in a battery”, UL K.M. Ryan, C. Barrett
EP15170563, “A Silicon and Germanium Nanowire Heterostructure”, UL K.M. Ryan, T. Kennedy
Nr. 15 164 574.4 “A separator for an electrochemical device and a method for its production”, KIT
List of exploitable results:
Surface modified graphite for application as active material on the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries
New aqueous binder processing for Li-ion battery electrodes
Coating of current collectors for use of aqueous binders in Li-ion battery electrodes
Semiconductor nanowire materials as alternatives to graphitic anode active materials
Non-flammable lithium-ion battery electrolyte components (ionic liquids)
Cell design based on electrodes with aqueous binders
Cell venting system
Multifunctional frame (including embedded pouch cell into frame by thermal union, assembling process development and auxiliary materials selection)
Lighter and greener battery modules for EVs
Li-ion module/battery pack automated assembling process
Environmentally friendly processes for GREENLION Li-ion battery recycling
LCA data
High temperature stable separator membranes based on water soluble polymers
Prismatized pouch cell couple with swelling space
Prismatized pouch cell stacking design
BMS design
Module design with focus on thermal aspect
Interface between test facilities and test item

List of Websites:
http://www.greenlionproject.eu/homepage
http://www.cidetec.es/en/index.aspx
Iosu Cendoya (iosucendoya@cidetec.es)
Iratxe de Meatza (imeatza@cidetec,es)
Oscar Miguel (omiguel@cidetec.es)
Jon Lacunza (jlacunza@cidetec.es)