A multi-disciplinary working group was formed to address one of the key challenges of the NEUCOS project, which was the description of astrophysical accelerators loaded with nuclei (heavier than protons) and its consequences for multi-messenger astroparticle physics. It was found that the measurements of the relevant photo-nuclear cross sections are rare, and the corresponding uncertainty has been quantified. The nuclear cascade developing in the sources and its consequences for the neutrino production were established for different astrophysical object classes which may be the primary candidates for the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRS), such as Gamma-Ray Bursts - GRBs, Active Galactic Nuclei – AGN and jets from Tidal Disruption Events – TDEs.
Jetted TDEs or low-luminosity were found to be a possible common origin for cosmic rays and, which describe the observed neutrinos and UHECRs from the same emission region – which implies that the radiation densities must be high, and that the nuclear cascade develops which may even describe the ankle feature in the cosmic ray spectrum. Regular GRBs were demonstrated to be able to describe the UHECR flux in multi-collision models; however, the energy requirements are challenging.
In order to describe the neutrino observations including spectrum and spatial distribution in a self-consistent way, a multi-component model was proposed, which includes several populations contributing to the neutrino flux – including one from a source population at the highest neutrino energies which can be connected with the origin of UHECRs. It, however, was also demonstrated during the project that a direct test of the UHECR origin with neutrinos by arrival directions is challenging. Neutrinos connected to the UHECRs may actually produce a flux at the highest energies which are in principle accessible by future radio detection experiments for AGNs; this information is relevant for the optimization of future instruments. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the neutrinos from interactions with cosmic background light may be sub-dominant at these energies.
Apart from the question where the diffuse neutrino and cosmic ray fluxes come from, several multi-messenger discoveries were drawing a lot of attention during the project duration: a short gamma-ray burst associated with a binary neutron star merger gravitational wave event, neutrinos associated with an AGN named TXS 0506+056, and a neutrino produced by the TDE AT2019dsg. Within the project, it was demonstrated that no neutrinos were expected from the gravitational wave event, in consistency with observations. For the AGN and TDE neutrino detections, leading theoretical explanations have been developed within NEUCOS.
Regarding the optimization of future neutrino telescopes, the role of the flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos and the Glashow resonance was studied for searches for physics beyond the Standard Model in particle physics, and for astrophysical neutrino production diagnostics. As one of the highlights, the potential of future atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments to perform Earth tomography by neutrino coherent forward scattering with Earth matter was quantified. The NEUCOS project was extended by a WP 6: “Interdisciplinary application of simulation methodology to the new viral disease Covid-19”; a team member contributed to epidemiological modeling and an Italian outreach page, which had a major impact in the beginning of the pandemic (
https://covstat.it/(s’ouvre dans une nouvelle fenêtre)).
The results were disseminated in many workshop, summer school, conference and seminar contributions by the PI and the team members. The NEUCOS team also co-organized and co-sponsored the TeVPA 2018 conference as well as it co-organized the PAHEN 2019 workshop, both events took place in Berlin.
