RDS is a disease in premature infants that is caused by developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs. Every year, an estimated 15 million babies are born preterm – RDS is the leading cause of death in these infants. Diagnosing RDS is a challenge. Neonatologists usually have to wait for symptoms to develop during the first few hours of birth before they can make a clear diagnosis and start treatment; by this stage babies are already sick, increasingly fragile and experiencing distress. Prophylactic treatment is not safe, as it can harm healthy babies. During the past year, new European Guidelines for the Management Respiratory Distress Syndrome highlighted the need for a rapid diagnostic non-invasive test that will allow Neonatologists to quickly identify which babies are at risk minutes after birth and allow them to treat before symptoms present. Within this H2020 project, SIME are developing such a test. Ultimately, it will have a significant impact on care, chronic disease, mortality and cost.