Deliverables
The apparatus will be utilised for measuring 9 combinations of fuels: for each of the three base fuels, the effect of three additives (detergents, soot reducers and ignition improvers) on properties will be quantified.
Implementation of the SAFT EoS to interface tracking codes will be performed, in an effort to estimate the effect of supercritical conditions on near-nozzle atomisation. To account for the discontinuous nature of the phase interface, a one fluid approach will be followed, making property calculation a function of the liquid volume fraction. Dynamic grid refinement and advanced algorithms suppressing numerical diffusion of the gas/vapour-liquid interface will be employed. The computational model will address the issue of whether the fuel enters a supercritical state that allows it to readily mix with noncondensable gases (N2 + O2) or whether the fuel droplet has to vaporize before mixing as P-T conditions rapidly change.
Develop and commission a test rig for measuring fuel properties up to 3,000 bar and fuel’s critical point; initially measurements of a surrogate, summer Diesel and low-quality Diesel will be measured.
Additional electronic structure calculations using VASP will allow surface thermo-kinetics on graphene layers to be considered. The detailed heterogeneous soot kinetic mechanism that will be developed for high temperature environments will include a wide variety of adsorbed species. The soot oxidation mechanisms in O2, O and OH will be unraveled to derive a closure of filtered source terms for oxidation in the sectional model. The developed model will be applied to cases of industrial interest, demonstrating the effects of selected fuel additives on soot.
Similar EoS model will be developed for the fuels enriched with additives. These models will also address the issue of whether the fuel droplets enter a supercritical state that allows them to readily mix with non-condensable gases (N2 + O2) or whether the fuel droplet has to vaporize before mixing as P-T conditions rapidly change.
High speed imaging of cavitation inside transparent nozzle tips will be performed safely at pressures up to 2,000bar, although higher ones will be tested. The clean tips will be manufactured from sapphire for withstanding high pressures while 3-D printing will be utilised for manufacturing enlarged nozzle replicas that will match geometries of aged injectors (both from field tests and from accelerated nozzle coking tests).
Molecular dynamics simulations using the ReaxFF code will be used to generate a database of soot structures from the combustion of different surrogate fuels under different thermochemical conditions. With respect to existing macroscopic pore modeling approach, this approach will allow to capture the interplay between boundary layer and surface chemistry inside the particle with mass transport, while capturing finely the structural changes of soot nanostructure and the interplay between neighboring pores during oxidation.
Predictions for the aged nozzles will then determine the differences in fuel delivery, injection temperature and vapour concentration for the aged injectors.
The effect of high pressure injection, fuel properties and additive concentration will be tested in real engines. Tests will include surrogate fuels, summer Diesel and low-quality Diesel enriched with the additives under investigation.
The developed techniques will be applied to liquid sprays in high pressure burner and optical engines in co-operation with ESR8 and ESR10.
Subsequently, the CFD models to be developed as part of the work performed in WP2 and WP4 will be utilised to simulate the measured trends. The experimental data of ESRs 9, 10 and 11 will be used for validation of the combustion/emission simulations of ESR15.
Parallel to the near-nozzle studies, imaging and LIEF will characterise the macroscopic development and mixing under supercritical conditions for clean and aged injectors and for pressures up to 4,5000bar; initially measurements will be performed for the three base fuels.
Based on the fuel property measurements, a SAFT-based EoS approach will be developed for predicting fuel thermodynamic and transport properties that occur in high pressure FIE for Diesel engines. Properties will include internal energy, heat capacity, viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, surface tension and enthalpy of vaporisation of a surrogate fuel, summer Diesel and low quality Diesel.
The developed soot measurements will be obtained in optical Diesel engines fuelled with the three reference fuels and the selected additives both for clean and aged injectors.
SAFT EoS for the three base fuels and the additive combinations will be implemented in the CFD code of CITY in order to determine friction-induced heating, cavitation and boiling effects occurring during realistic injection events. The initial task will be validation against the experimental data of ESR2 for clean injectors.
Identification of physically sound constituent laws (surfactant-surface-tension relation) for realistic fuel compositions and additives and formulation of numerical models for surfactant transport at the vapor-liquid interface, numerical validation for simple gas-bubbles in liquid, followed by formulation of surface tension models with a generalized-Riemann-solver framework for conservative interface-interaction models, and validation for single-bubble growth and collapse configurations.
Predictions will be performed utilising real-world operating conditions in realistic Diesel engine geometries.
High energy X-rays at ANL will characterise initially the liquid/vapour distribution inside the nozzle’s sac volume for different fuels/additives both for clean and aged injectors with deposits. High speed imaging in CVC will then characterise the liquid atomisation near the nozzle exit for pilot injection events, aiming to link the amorphous ligaments formed at the nozzle exit with the nozzle geometry/flow.
Near-nozzle atomisation will be then characterised with high magnification/speed imaging for main injection events under supercritical conditions. Injection pressures as high as 4,500bar will be tested.
The developed models of ESR7 and ESR12 will be utilised in the framework of a commercial CFD software for estimating the effect of nozzle geometry (being function of injector aging and operating conditions) on spray formation under supercritical conditions initially in a CVC environment.
As a follow-up, the heterogeneous soot mechanism of ESR14 will be utilised for predictions of soot under real-world driving scenario, allowing an environmental assessment of the integrated activities of the programme. Model validation will be performed against the measurements of ESR9, 10 and 11.
The SGS models of ESR5 and ESR6 will be implemented into the developed code for estimating fuel atomisation under 4,500 injection pressure and SCF conditions.
The developed model will be used to compare the effect of fuel and additive properties on the atomisation process.
Soot diagnostics (such as extinction, laser-induced incandescence (LII) and elastic light scattering) for high pressure and optically dense environments will be co-developed with ESR8. Measurements will be initially performed in simplified flame configurations. These data will assist ESR14 in the development of the relevant simulation model.
The model of ESR13 will be further extended under the framework of a commercial CFD to account initially the effects of fuels and additives on combustion in Diesel engines.
mCT will be performed in all transparent tips for quantifying the cavitation volume fraction as function of nozzle geometry and fuel composition.
Direct numerical simulations with adaptive multi-resolution scheme and scale-separation approach for the interface (identification of under-resolved interface structures) of collapsing single bubbles and bubble clouds for different configurations: away from free surfaces and near free surfaces. The developed surface tension SGS closure model will be communicated to ESR6 working on LES.
Similar measurements will be performed for additised fuels.
A Diesel fuel vaporiser and burner will be initially designed, allowing for quantification of ‘soot reducer’ additives to be quantified independently, as atomisation, phase-change and mixing processes will be bypassed. Soot measurements will be performed using LII, wide-angle light scattering, SMPS and TEM.
sub-critical atomisation, will be extended on the basis of the SAFT EoS for the liquid phase and real-gas EoS for the air/vapour phases to multi-component fuels with/without additives at supercritical conditions.
Further tests will examine the spray behaviour and cycle-to-cycle vatiation inside the cylinder of an optical light-duty engine, focusing on formation and late-cycle oxidation of soot.
Following, high speed-video blackbody emission imaging and LII will be developed and utilised for quantifying soot in liquid spray flames in cooperation with ESR9, utilising fuels enriched with the same additives.
Project website is created and upa nd running.
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Publications
Author(s): Lukas Weiss, Sebastian Riess, Javad Rezaei, Andreas Peter, Michael Wensing
Published in: Proceedings ILASS–Europe 2017. 28th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2017
DOI: 10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4764
Author(s): Songzhi Yang, Chaouki Habchi, Yi Ping, Rafael Lugo
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2018
Author(s): Javad Rezaei, Sebastian Reis, Andreas Peter, Michael Wensing
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2018
Author(s): Vidal Roncero A.,
Gavaises M.,
Koukouvinis P.,
Rodriguez C.
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2018
Author(s): Vidal Roncero A. , Koukouvinis F., Gavaises, M.
Published in: Proceedings of the IMechE Fuel systems engines: Inject your ideas, Fuel your technology, 2018
Author(s): Rodriguez C., Vidal A., Koukouvinis P. and Gavaises M.
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2018
Author(s): Rodriguez C., Rokni H. B. Koukouvinis P. , Gupta, A. and Gavaise M.
Published in: Proceedings of the 29th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2019
Author(s): Yi Ping, Sajad Jafari, Songzhi Yang, Chaouki Habchi
Published in: Proceedings of the 29th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2019
Author(s): Vidal Roncero A. , Koukouvinis P. and Gavaises M.
Published in: Proceedings of the 29th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2019
Author(s): Jianhang Wang, Songzhi Yang, Chaouki Habchi, Xiangyu Hu, Nikolaus Adams
Published in: Proceedings of the 29th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2019
Author(s): Carlos Rodriguez, Alvaro Vidal, Phoevos Koukouvinis, Manolis Gavaises
Published in: Proceedings ILASS–Europe 2017. 28th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2017
DOI: 10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5000
Author(s): Sebastian Riess, Lukas Weiss, Andreas Peter, Javad Rezaei, Michael Wensing
Published in: International Journal of Engine Research, 2017, Page(s) 146808741774252, ISSN 1468-0874
DOI: 10.1177/1468087417742527
Author(s): Houman B. Rokni, Ashutosh Gupta, Joshua D. Moore, Mark A. McHugh, Babatunde A. Bamgbade, Manolis Gavaises
Published in: Fuel, Issue 236, 2019, Page(s) 1377-1390, ISSN 0016-2361
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.041
Author(s): Aaron J. Rowane, Rajendar R. Mallepally, Ashutosh Gupta, Manolis Gavaises, Mark A. MHugh
Published in: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Issue 58/10, 2019, Page(s) 4303-4316, ISSN 0888-5885
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05952
Author(s): Rajendar R. Mallepally, Babatunde A. Bamgbade, Aaron J. Rowane, Houman B. Rokni, Matthew S. Newkirk, Mark A. McHugh
Published in: The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Issue 134, 2018, Page(s) 33-40, ISSN 0896-8446
DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.12.003
Author(s): Houman B. Rokni, Joshua D. Moore, Ashutosh Gupta, Mark A. McHugh, Manolis Gavaises
Published in: Fuel, Issue 241, 2019, Page(s) 1203-1213, ISSN 0016-2361
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.043
Author(s): Jian-Hang Wang, Shucheng Pan, Xiangyu Y. Hu, Nikolaus A. Adams
Published in: Computers & Fluids, Issue 181, 2019, Page(s) 364-382, ISSN 0045-7930
DOI: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2019.01.023
Author(s): Houman B. Rokni, Joshua D. Moore, Ashutosh Gupta, Mark A. McHugh, Rajendar R. Mallepally, Manolis Gavaises
Published in: Fuel, Issue 245, 2019, Page(s) 594-604, ISSN 0016-2361
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.044
Author(s): Jian-Hang Wang, Shucheng Pan, Xiangyu Y. Hu, Nikolaus A. Adams
Published in: Combustion and Flame, Issue 204, 2019, Page(s) 397-413, ISSN 0010-2180
DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.034
Author(s): C. Rodriguez, P. Koukouvinis, M. Gavaises
Published in: The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Issue 145, 2019, Page(s) 48-65, ISSN 0896-8446
DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.11.003
Author(s): Natascia Palazzo, Matthias Kögl, Philipp Bauer, Manu Naduvil Mannazhi, Lars Zigan, Franz Johann Thomas Huber, Stefan Will
Published in: Energies, Issue 12/10, 2019, Page(s) 1993, ISSN 1996-1073
DOI: 10.3390/en12101993
Author(s): Ping Yi, Songzhi Yang, Chaouki Habchi, Rafael Lugo
Published in: Physics of Fluids, Issue 31/2, 2019, Page(s) 026102, ISSN 1070-6631
DOI: 10.1063/1.5065781
Author(s): Jian-Hang Wang, Shucheng Pan, Xiangyu Y. Hu, Nikolaus A. Adams
Published in: Combustion and Flame, Issue 205, 2019, Page(s) 41-54, ISSN 0010-2180
DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.036
Author(s): C. Rodriguez, A. Vidal, P. Koukouvinis, M. Gavaises, M.A. McHugh
Published in: Journal of Computational Physics, Issue 374, 2018, Page(s) 444-468, ISSN 0021-9991
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2018.07.030
Author(s): J. Simonsson, A. Gunnarsson, M. Naduvil Mannazhi, D. Bäckström, K. Andersson, P.-E. Bengtsson
Published in: Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Issue 37/1, 2019, Page(s) 833-840, ISSN 1540-7489
DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.035
Author(s): Alvaro Vidal, Carlos Rodriguez, Phoevos Koukouvinis, Manolis Gavaises, Mark A McHugh
Published in: International Journal of Engine Research, 2018, Page(s) 146808741880171, ISSN 1468-0874
DOI: 10.1177/1468087418801712
Author(s): Michel Keller, Theodorus de Bruin, Mickaël Matrat, André Nicolle, Laurent Catoire
Published in: Energy & Fuels, Issue 33/10, 2019, Page(s) 10255-10266, ISSN 0887-0624
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02284
Author(s): Songzhi Yang
Published in: 2019
Author(s): Babazadehrokni, H. B
Published in: 2019
Author(s): Carlos Rodriguez
Published in: 2019
Author(s): Songzhi Yang
Chaouki Habchi
Ping Yi
Rafael Lugo
Published in: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Cavitation (CAV2018), 2018, Page(s) 227-232
DOI: 10.1115/1.861851_ch44
