Periodic Reporting for period 1 - GeoElectricMixing (Geophysical Signature of Subsurface Reactive Mixing) Reporting period: 2017-04-01 to 2019-03-31 Summary of the context and overall objectives of the project Subsurface reactive processes play a key role in dictating the evolution of subsurface environments, their interaction with surface water bodies and the migration and remediation of transported contaminants. In particular, reactive hot spots tend to concentrate in mixing fronts between fluids of different compositions, such as recently infiltrated/injected fluids and resident groundwater, which develop in a range of situations, including CO2 sequestration operations and geothermal systems, and contaminant remediation operations. Our understanding of the development and temporal dynamics of these hotspots is currently hampered by the limited spatial resolution of the sampling offered by boreholes. Recent breakthroughs in geoelectrics may however profoundly change our vision of these phenomena by providing non-invasive techniques with a large spatial resolution and high sensitivity to many geological processes. The overall objective of the project “GeoElectricMixing” is to quantitatively link reactive mixing dynamics to geo-electrics signals (complex impedance and electrical self-potential) to open a new window on the in situ characterization of subsurface mixing hotspots and associated reaction rates. The key idea behind the project is to consider special reactions which can potentially generate chemical species with a stronger sensitivity to externally applied electric fields than that of the reactants, so that the electrical measurements can provide accurate detection of mixing hotspots in the subsurface.This overall objective was divided into two specific objectives. The SO1 is mainly associated with (i) developing theoretical models to couple electrokinetics (or, electrohydrodynamics) to flow-induced reactions in a porous medium, and (ii) subsequent upscaling of the coupled transport processes to Darcy and Field scales. The SO2 was devoted to experimental investigations of the electrical signatures of reactive mixing at laboratory scale. Work performed from the beginning of the project to the end of the period covered by the report and main results achieved so far The work performed during the first 8 months of the project concerned the first work package (WP1), as planned in the project proposal. WP1 is dedicated to fulfilling the specific objective SO1 (see the paragraph on the objectives, above), while WP2, planned to be started 15 months after the initiation of the project, was dedicated to fulfilling the specific objective SO2 (see the paragraph on the objectives, above). Since the contract was terminated a little more than 8 months after initiation, due to the ER having been hired on an academic (permanent) position in his home country, WP2 could not be addressed.To achieve the objective stated in WP1, the ER has primarily worked on two relevant problems:1) Geo-electrical Signatures of Reactive Mixing:In this work, the ER considered a special class of reactions where the products have significantly larger electrical mobility as compared to the reactants, and computed the variations in the effective conductivity resulting from reactive mixing occurring in a simple shear flow (see figure). He showed that the changes in effective conductivity are dependent on the local rate of stretching as well as on the orientation of the reaction front with respect to the flow of the electrical current. The evolution in time of the effective conductivity through the medium was studied as a function of the Péclet number, which quantifies the ratio of advection to diffusion strength, and the Damköhler number, which quantifies the ratio of the typical diffusion time to the typical reaction time. Power law scalings were observed depending on the values of these numbers and the time range considered. These power law could be explained theoretically.This work has recently been resubmitted to the Geophysical Research Letters after minor revision. We expect the manuscript to be accepted for publication soon. The study has also be presented at three international conferences.2) Coupled Electrohydrodynamic Transport in fractures:This work was carried out in an effort to understand the flow dynamics in geological fractures and other subsurface features in presence of external or naturally-occurring solute concentration field, electrical potential on the solid surfaces, as well as pressure gradients across the medium. So far, only pressure driven flows through rough fractures have been studied by the concerned scientific community. The ER has applied the classical techniques of the lubrication theory to analyze the transport equations governing net charge, concentration and the fluid momentum (i.e. Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes-Continuity equations) in the fracture, and derive a set of coupled equations describing the temporal evolution of the spatial distribution of these quantities. These theoretical developments were then applied to weakly charged 2-D fractures, and the coupled equations were solved numerically.This work will be presented at two international conferences in the spring of 2018. Progress beyond the state of the art and expected potential impact (including the socio-economic impact and the wider societal implications of the project so far) Both studies reported above are beyond the state of the art, without a doubt. One is under review for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, the other one will be submitted to a journal in the spring of 2018. From an administrative point of view the project has come to an early end due to the ER having been hired on an academic (permanent) position in his home country, so there are no more results to be expected within the framework of the Marie Curie project. However the collaboration will continue outside of this framework between the coordinator of the project and the ER, who is now an assistant professor, with the aim of fulfilling all objectives of the GeoElectricMixing research project, as initially submitted for funding by the Marie Curie program. Spatial distribution product concentration at times t = 0.08 (b), t = 0.19 (c) and t = 0.91 (d).
