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Development of a novel wave energy converter based on hydrodynamic lift forces

Deliverables

Parametric cost model

This is part of Task 8.2. The parametric cost model will include all the parameters that are considered relevant to the cost of energy for the LiftWEC concept and implemented as software code to enable use in parametric design. The software code will be supported by a document describing its structure and implementation

LCoE calculation tool

This is part of Task 83 The LiftWEC LCoE calculation tool will be implemented as an openaccess spreadsheet easily accessible online including a full description in the form of a UserGuide of how to use this tool The updated tool will incorporate the parametric cost model as well as added features ie allow for single device as well as for array calculations

Documentation of implementation results performance

This deliverable is associated with Task 5.5 and 5.6 and provides the implementation of the real-time controller for the final configuration of the LiftWEC concept. The core deliverable is in the form of real-time software code and will be accompanied by documentation that describes the performance of the real-time control, including its robustness.

Substantial analysis of final configurations

This is part of Task 2.8. This report will review the performance of the final configurations from a fundamental conceptual perspective, including explanations of the decisions that support the identification of the final configurations. This will include a comparative analysis with other wave energy technologies.

Development of models and operational framework

This deliverable will outline the models and design frameworks, which will be developed to assess the LIFTWEC concepts and is primarily linked to Task 7.4. The installation strategy design framework developed to review the concept designs and identify viable installation strategies will be fully described. Similarly, full details will be provided on the decommissioning strategy design framework. For O&M, the reliability assessment methodology will be described, including a summary of the various reliability assessment approaches that were assessed. The reliability assessment methodology adopted will be fully detailed and will include reasons its selection. This deliverable will outline how existing UCC in-house models were modified to model the lifetime operations of the LiftWEC concept. These models comprise of three separate modules that simulate installation, O&M and decommissioning activities. This deliverable will contain a full description of these models. Including their functionality, development history the model validation & verification processes undertaken during their development.

Review of current liftbased WEC concepts and specification of preliminary configuration

This is part of Task 2.3. This will consist of a report that reviews the current lift-based WEC concepts and describe the configuration specifications that will be used in the preliminary numerical and physical models, as well as for the design development. The specification will be provided in sufficient detail to ensure that the configurations are unambiguously defined.

Extreme load analysis

This is part of Task 34 This report will describe the analysis of the loads on the LiftWEC concepts in extreme waves

Operational design considerations

This deliverable is linked to Task 7.1 and will contain a set of key design considerations for the LIFTWEC concept, which will feed into the concept development and evaluation work package. This will ensure that the major operational factors, which are likely to, adversely affect the viability of the concept can be considered early in the design process and be accounted for in preliminary device configurations. It will contain a review of all operational phases of a marine renewable energy technology lifecycle and detail the results of an examination of other related sectors (offshore wind, Oil &Gas, Aquaculture). Transferable knowledge and methodologies from these other sectors, which have been demonstrated to be safe, efficient and cost effective, will be described.

Report on design of 2D scale models

This is part of Task 4.1. This report will describe the design of the 2D models with sufficient detail so that the model could be replicated if necessary

Assessment of baseline configurations

This deliverable is linked to Tasks 72 and 73 and will describe the results of the assessment of the baseline configuration designs of the LiftWEC concept It will fully detail the Scenario Test Cases that were run on the baseline configuration designs including any changes made to the test cases run on the preliminary configurations and provide reasons for these changes The baseline configuration outputs from the installation OM and decommissioning models will be provided The fully detailed results for each of these phases will be provided A discussion on the results including any potential design improvements or any operational risk areas identified will included A comparison of the results with those achieved for the preliminary design configurations will be included and reasons provided for any improvement of disimprovement in results Finally a series of recommendations for consideration for the final configuration designs will be included which will incorporate learnings on the progression of results from the preliminary to baseline designs

Assessment of final configurations

This deliverable will describe the results of the assessment of the final configuration designs of the LiftWEC concept and is primarily associated with Task 7.5. It will fully detail the ‘Scenario Test Cases’ that were run on the final configuration designs, including any changes made to the test cases run on the preliminary and baseline configurations and provide reasons for these changes. The fully detailed results for the final configurations outputted from the installation, O&M and decommissioning models will be provided. A comparison of the results with those achieved for the preliminary and baseline design configurations will be included. A discussion on the results, taking into account how the overall results have changed from the preliminary to final design configurations, will also be included. Recommendations will be provided on operation considerations for further future design iterations of the LiftWEC beyond the project.Finally, an overall assessment will be made into the success and potential learnings from this work package in terms of attempting to provide feedback from device operational assessments at early TRLs levels to improve design. We will highlight areas where we feel we have successfully done this and challenges and potential improvements in this approach for marine renewable energy developers of other concepts.

LCoE of baseline configurations

This is part of Task 84 The LCoE of the baseline configurations for the device operating individually as well as in array will be presented in a report detailing the methodology and assumptions used A set of different target deployment locations will be used for the LCoE calculations Also both current and projected costs taking into consideration cost reduction opportunities will be estimated The obtained LCoE will be benchmarked against that of stateoftheart wave energy technologies as well as other competing marine renewable technologies

Specification of design and evaluation software tools

This is part of Task 2.5. This report will describe the desired functionality of the software tools that will be used to support the concept development. The required functionality will include calculation of the Evaluation Criteria defined in D2.2 and allow the design to be referenced using the configuration specifications defined in D2.3

Scoping report of the Environmental Impact Assessment

This deliverable is part of Task 9.3. A report will be delivered with a preliminary Scoping exercise identifying environmental key issues and define future EIA spatial and temporal boundaries for the LiftWEC technology.

Preliminary assessment of computational capability report

This is part of Task 3.2. This report will provide a preliminary assessment of the numerical modelling capabilities together with initial modelling results

Tool validation and extension report

This is part of Task 32 This report will describe the validation of the numerical models against the wavetank testing that will be undertaken in WP4 The comparison with the preliminary assessment will demonstrate the advancements that have been made during the extension phase

Data management plan

This is part of Task 10.2. A report that describes the plans for data management. This will be based on the H2020 template: Data management plan v1.0 – 13.10.2016. It will include references to all of the data that is expected to be generated in the project together with plans for how it will be stored and made available to users.

Life-cycle assessment of the LiftWEC design

This deliverable is part of Task 9.4. A report will be delivered on the “cradle to grave” analysis of the technology based on CO2 emissions and energy consumption per produced electricity, using the LCA technique.

Hydrodynamic validation of final design

This is part of Task 3.5. This report will describe the validation of the numerical model of the final LiftWEC concept designs. In addition to the comparison of numerical and experimental data, an analysis of scale effects is conducted. As a final part of the report, an analysis of device performance in short crested spectra is presented.

Assessment of baseline configurations and specification of final configuration(s)

This is part of Task 27 This report will provide an assessment of the baseline configurations and describe that configuration specifications of the final configurations that will be used for assessment of the LiftWEC concept potential and business case The specification will be provided in sufficient detail to ensure that the final configurations are unambiguously defined

Idnetification of potential technology strssors and environmental receptors of the LiftWEC technology

This deliverable is part of Task 9.1. A report will be delivered with the identification of stressors and receptors considering the technology characteristics and the natural sensitivity of potential deployment sites.

Report on synthesis of design knowledge

This is part of Task 2.6. This report will update and improve the design knowledge that will be used for the identification of the baseline configurations. All refinements to the design knowledge will be explained and associated with specific knowledge gained.

Scoping report of the social acceptance of LiftWEC

This is part of Task 92 This preliminary report will cover the social acceptability of the technology from the market sociopolitical and community perspectives This report will include a review of relevant previous studies and details of the semistructured interviews undertaken with key stakeholders

Report on physical modelling of 3D LiftWEC concept

This is part of Task 4.4. This report will describe the physical modelling of the 3D LiftWEC concept with sufficient detail to allow the testing to be repeated by a third party

LiftWEC materials life-cycle assessment

This is part of Task 6.5. This report will describe the analyses of materials for the structure including alternatives and will present these in terms of strength, relative cost, durability and recyclability. The report will detail methodology, databases used and characteristics of the analyses. The deliverable will allow optimal use of materials within the final concept design

Report on physical modelling of 2D LiftWEC concepts

This is part of Task 42 A report will describe the physical modelling of the 2D LiftWEC concept with sufficient detail to allow the testing to be repeated by a third party

Specification of baseline configurations

This is part of Task 2.6. This report will describe the baseline configuration specifications that will be used in the numerical and physical models, as well as for the design development. . The choice of the baseline configurations will be justified based on the design knowledge reported in D2.7. The specification will be provided in sufficient detail to ensure that the baseline configurations are unambiguously defined.

Optimised device parameters

This is part of Task 86 This report will present the optimised parameters of the final device configurations

Outline business plan

This deliverable is part of Task 104 A report will be delivered on an initial outline business plan for the development and exploitation of the LiftWEC concept

Assessment of preliminary configurations

This deliverable is linked to Tasks 7.2 and 7.3 and will describe the results of the assessment of the preliminary configuration designs of the LiftWEC concept. It will fully detail the ‘Scenario Test Cases’ that were run on the preliminary configuration designs. These will include details on the representative sites, met-ocean resource data, vessel parameter data, technician requirements and cost details. This deliverable will provide the outputs from the installation, O&M and decommissioning models for each of the preliminary configurations. A discussion on the results will be included and any potential design improvements or any operational risk areas identified will be consolidated into a series of recommendations for consideration for the baseline configuration designs.

LiftWEC structural dynamic model

This is part of Task 63 A full threedimensional timefrequency based numerical model will be delivered accompanied by a report describing the methodology employed characteristics assumptions and discussion of structural dynamic behaviour This deliverable will set the basis for the Fatigue Assessment to be carried out as detailed in Task 64

Performance function

This deliverable is associated with Task 5.1 and involves specification of the parametric form, and outline parameters, for the performance function. This will be provided in the form of a report

Final business plan

This deliverable is part of Task 104 A report will be delivered on a final business plan for the development and exploitation of the LiftWEC concept

Report on design of 3D scale model

This is part of Task 43 This report will describe the design of the 3D model with sufficient detail so that the model could be replicated if necessary

Preliminary report on synthesis of design knowledge

This is part of Task 2.1. This report will provide the details of the design knowledge that supports the identification of the preliminary baseline configurations. The source of all design knowledge will be included together with a review of each piece of knowledge with reference to the LiftWEC design.

LCoE of final configuration

This is part of Task 8.4 and 8.5. The LCoE of the final optimised configurations will be presented in a report, detailing the methodology and assumptions used and the confidence in the obtained LCoE estimates.

Cost database

This is part of Task 8.1. The cost database will be compiled in the form of a report. The cost database will be a critical component of the parametric cost model and the LCoE calculation tool. A successful delivery of a cost database will ensure reliable estimates of the device LCoE

Extreme event LiftWEC ULS assessment

This is part of Task 6.1 This model will provide an assessment of the ULS for the concepts assessed. A finite-element model will be delivered in addition to a report describing the methodology employed, characteristics, assumptions and discussion of pertinent elements of the study. This deliverable will ascertain whether or not the concepts can withstand any anticipated extreme loading event.

Transportation and maintenance LiftWEC ULS assessment

This is part of Task 6.2 The model developed in Task 6.1 will be further utilised to analyse loads under transportation, maintenance and decommissioning. The report will describe the loads applied and resulting stresses critically reviewing these in terms of survivability under transportation and maintenance modes. This deliverable will ascertain whether or not the concepts can withstand transportation loads and the degree to which the concepts considered are maintainable and decomissionable from a structural perspective.

Identification of evaluation criteria

This is part of Task 2.2. This report will describe the evaluation criteria that will be used to guide the selection of the baseline configurations and assess their performance and provide clear guidelines for their use by an external party. This report will also include details of the knowledge gathering workshop

LiftWEC fatigue assessment

This is part of Task 64 The Fatigue Assessment Report will describe the fatigue analyses conducted and means for the alleviation of fatigue under operational conditions The report will also describe the methodology employed characteristics and assumptions made within the analyses This deliverable will ascertain whether or not the concepts can withstand fatigue loading during the operational lifetime of the device

Performance function parameterisation

This deliverable is associated with Task 55 and comes in the form of a report This report will describe the parameterisation used to develop the performance function which will include consideration of both power performance and structural loads

Website

This is part of Task 10.1. The project website and social media accounts will be created using standard tools to minimise the required investment in development. The website will contain details of the project, links to public project deliverables and a feedback page

Open-access experimental data from 3D LiftWEC tests modellin

This is part of Task 4.4. This deliverable is a database with the data from the 3D LiftWEC tests. Data will be stored in an open-access repository with sufficient Meta-data to allow use of data by third parties

Open-access experimental data from tests

This is part of Task 4.2. This deliverable is a database with the data from the 2D LiftWEC tests. . Data will be stored in an open-access repository with sufficient Meta-data to allow use of data by third parties

Publications

A Proposed Guidance for the Economic Assessment of Wave Energy Converters at Early Development Stages

Author(s): Amélie Têtu; Julia Fernandez Chozas
Published in: Energies, Issue 14, 2021, Page(s) 4699, ISSN 1996-1073
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/en14154699

Validation of a control-oriented point vortex model for a cyclorotor-based wave energy device

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov, Florent Thiebaut, Grégory S. Payne, John V. Ringwood.
Published in: Journal of Fluids and Structures, Issue 119, 2023, ISSN 0889-9746
Publisher: Academic Press
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2023.103875

A control-orientated analytical model for a cyclorotor wave energy device with N hydrofoils

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov; John V. Ringwood
Published in: Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, Issue 7, 2021, Page(s) 201-210, ISSN 2198-6452
Publisher: Springer Nature
DOI: 10.1007/s40722-021-00198-8

Near wake hydrodynamics and structural design of a single foil cycloidal rotor in regular waves

Author(s): Abel Arredondo-Galeana, Gerrit Olbert, Weichao Shi, Feargal Brennan
Published in: Renewable Energy, 2023, ISSN 1879-0682
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.068

Rotors for wave energy conversion—Practice and possibilities

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov, John V. Ringwood
Published in: IET Renewable Power Generation, 2021, ISSN 1752-1424
Publisher: Wiley
DOI: 10.1049/rpg2.12192

Optimal control of pitch and rotational velocity for a cyclorotor wave energy device

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov, Alice Marie, John Ringwood
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2022, ISSN 1949-3037
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/tste.2022.3168508

A Linear hydrodynamic model of rotating lift-based wave energy converters

Author(s): Matt Folley, Paul Lamont-Kane, Carwyn Frost
Published in: International Marine Energy Journal, 2023, ISSN 2631-5548
Publisher: European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC)

A validated analytical model for a cyclorotor wave energy device

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov, John Ringwood
Published in: International Marine energy Journal, 2022, ISSN 2631-5548
Publisher: European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference
DOI: 10.36688/imej.5.201-208

Some fundamental results for cyclorotor wave energy converters for optimum power capture

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov, Alice Marie, John Ringwood
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2022, ISSN 1949-3037
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/tste.2022.3171711

Optimum wave regime for lift-based wave energy converters

Author(s): Matt Folley, Paul Lamont-Kane
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th European Wave & Tidal Energy Conference, 2021
Publisher: EWTEC 2021
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5557234

Comparison of RANS and Potential Flow Theory based simulations of a cyclorotor type wave energy converter in regular waves

Author(s): Gerrit Olbert, Martin Scharf, Sebastian Felten, Moustafa Abdel-Maksoud
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th European Wave & Tidal Energy Conference, 2021
Publisher: EWTEC 2021

Analytical study of pre-stall hydrofoil experimental data for a cyclorotor-based wave energy converter

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov, Florent Thiebaut, Gregory Payne, John Ringwood
Published in: OCEANS 2023, 2023
Publisher: OCEANS 2023

Parametric cost model of the LiftWEC concept - a lift-based, wave-driven, rotating hydrofoil

Author(s): Julia Fernández Chozas, Amélie Têtu, Abel Arredondo Galeana
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th European Wave & Tidal Energy Conference, 2021
Publisher: EWTEC 2021
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5557297

A methodology for the structural design of LiftWEC: A wave-bladed cyclorotor

Author(s): Abel Arredondo-Galeana, Weichao Shi, Gerrit Olbert, Martin Scharf, Andrei Ermakov, John V. Ringwood, Feargal Brennan
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th European Wave & Tidal Energy Conference, 2021
Publisher: EWTEC 2021
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5557280

Loads Analysis on LiftWEC Tower System

Author(s): L Papillon, R Pascal, C Baron, G Olbert
Published in: International conference on Ocean energy ICOE 2022, 2022
Publisher: Ocean Energy Europe

Energy-Maximising Control Philosophy for a Cyclorotor Wave Energy Device

Author(s): John Ringwood, Andrei Ermakov
Published in: ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, 2022
Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
DOI: 10.1115/omae2022-80990

Preliminary Investigations into the Hydrodynamic Performance of Lift-Based Wave Energy Converters

Author(s): Paul Lamont-Kane, Matt Folley, Carwyn Frost, Trevor Whittaker
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th European Wave & Tidal Energy Conference, 2021
Publisher: EWTEC 2021
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5512602

Development of an analytical model for a cyclorotor wave energy device

Author(s): Andrei Ermakov, John Ringwood
Published in: Proceedings of the 14th European Wave & Tidal Energy Conference, 2021
Publisher: EWTEC 2021
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5557251

Implementation of the LiftWEC LCOE Calculation Tool to four Baseline LiftWEC Configurations

Author(s): J. Fernandez-Chozas, K. Nielsen and R. Pascal
Published in: International conference on Ocean energy ICOE 2022, 2022
Publisher: Ocean Energy Europe

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