Deliverables
HIM imaging study of CNM-composites, which contains optimized imaging conditions for verifying successful preparation and homogeneity of the free-standing CNM within the track-etched pores of the support. In addition, sample preparation protocols and imaging conditions for characterizing bended CNM-composites will be given.
Results of stability tests of CNM-compositesReport on the stability of up-scaled CNM-composites by laboratory tests, which address fouling behavior and time-depended performance measurements.
Bench-marking CNM-based UPW with state-of-the-artLab-scale systems and pilot-scale systems with implemented CNM-composites with optimized operating parameters for pressure driven polishing will be compared with state-of-the-art. This includes evaluation of pre-treatment steps, module staging, flow speed, and recovery rate.
Tool for modelling systems and semi pilots fully functionalReport on the development of a tool evaluating the filtration rate and associated power consumption of complex filtration systems, based on the system design, feed water characteristics, membrane characteristics and operating conditions. The tool will be based on a modular concept, through which system elements, such as filtration modules or pumps, are assembled to build a virtual model of a filtration system.
Results of coupon testing with CNM-compositesReport of coupon testing of CNM-composites in filtration cells. Experimental setup: membrane holder, spacer, hydraulics, water type, analytics of CNM-composite. From experimental runs we establish membrane water–solute separation characteristics: relative flux, cut-off sizes etc.
Interim meeting2 reportMinutes of the 2nd interim meeting
Technical/scientific review meeting1 documentsDraft agenda, list of participants, list of presentations of the 1st review meeting
Improved design model for flux and separation optimizationDescription of an improved design model, which rationalizes the results of the experimental work. Based on the transport measurements, we will model the pore size distribution in CNMs and compare it with the structural data available. Most efforts will be put to understand the separation mechanism of CNMs for different aqueous media (Size exclusion, Donnan’s effect, and dielectric mechanism as a function of solutes nature). Undesired phenomena such as concentration polarization will be addressed as well.
Design model for mechanical stability optimizationDescription of a design model, which links the role of CNMs’ micro- and nanoscale structure on their mechanical performance for tensile and compressive loading as well as fracture toughness (dry and wet). Identification of critical structural and loading conditions for performance, temperature effects (creep, weight loss). Multilayered CNM structures will be also studied and their fracture behavior will be examined to finally define the best number of layers for better mechanical resistance without permeance tradeoff. The minimum support thickness for efficient separation will also be determined. The scalability of the results will be investigated, to correlate the mechanical performance with the desired scale up dimensions.
Results of permeation experiments with single-componentReport on permeation experiments with single-components (gas, organic liquids). We test a variety of CNMs regarding their water permeance and selectivity in cup tests and entrance effects for track-etched supports. We further explore effects of the size of components, temperatures, multilayered behavior as well as solubility of components in water by performing permeation experiments with single-components (gas, organic liquids). Furthermore, we will use a dedicated custom-made liquid cell in a standard biophysical electrophysiology setup to determine the transmembrane ionic resistance of the CNMs. We will explore the effects of ion polarity, size, salt mobilities, temperature, as well as solubility by performing permeation experiments with salt solutions.
Kick-off meeting reportMinutes of the kick-off meeting
Review meeting reportMinutes of the 1st review meeting
Final review meeting reportMinutes of the final review meeting
OPEX/CAPEX analyses for UPW and CC casesThe efficiency for systems with CNM-composites for pressure driven polishing as well as FO-based cold concentration will be evaluated in terms of OPEX/CAPEX economics and compared with state-of-the-art methods.
Mechanical study of CNMs and CNM-compositesMechanical study of CNMs and CNM-composites: Characterization of the mechanical behavior of supported CNMs in CNM-composites will be performed by characterizing the CNMs in tensile, bending and impact experiments. Mechanics of the support-CNM interface will be investigated as function of bending states, elastic strain range, stress due to bending of the support, quantifying the adherence force between the CNMs and the support.
Design model for flux and separation optimizationDescription of a first design model, which rationalizes the results of the experimental work. Based on the transport measurements, we will model the pore size distribution in CNMs and compare it with the structural data available. Most efforts will be put to understand the separation mechanism of CNMs for different aqueous media (Size exclusion, Donnan’s effect, and dielectric mechanism as a function of solutes nature). Undesired phenomena such as concentration polarization will be addressed as well.
Technical/scientific review meeting2 documentsDraft agenda, list of participants, list of presentations of the final review meeting
Manual for analyzing structure and composition of CNMsThe most effective strategies for analyzing CNMs will be reported. Currently, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is the only method for a quantitative measure of the sub-nanometer-sized nanopore network in CNM. We will use and develop this technique for a characterization and quality control of the CNM surface morphology in vacuum, ambient and water environment. In addition, Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy will be considered as part of the analyzing strategy.
Study about cleaning of CNM-compositesStudy about cleaning of CNM-composites: We evaluate anti-fouling strategies of CNM-composites with existing cleaning technologies. Examining biofilm formation is planned with SEM, FISH, ATP, and cell counts.
Concepts for optimized module designConcepts for optimized module design: We investigate the optimal CNM module design to be used in full application. Design requirements such as the need for easy cleaning, high packing densities, cost effective operation and membrane replacement, appropriate flow pattern to reduce internal and external concentration polarization both for FO and RO; Spacer requirements, anti-scalants, cleaning procedures.
Results of permeation experiments with mixturesReport on permeation experiments with mixtures of water and other components. We test a variety of CNMs regarding their water permeance and selectivity in cup tests and entrance effects for track-etched supports. We further explore effects of the size of components, temperatures, multilayered behavior as well as solubility of components in water by performing permeation experiments with mixtures of water and other components. We will use a dedicated custom-made liquid cell in a standard biophysical electrophysiology setup to determine the transmembrane ionic resistance of the CNMs. We will explore the effects of ion polarity, size, salt mobilities, temperature, as well as solubility by performing permeation experiments with aqueous mixtures of ions and other components
Module simulator is operationalReport on the development of a module simulator for long-term testing of modules/cassettes (in particular for determining the fouling behavior). The results from Task 3.1 will be used to develop a module simulator, which than will be used in semi-pilots to tests applicability of CNMs. This development includes the integration of membranes with spacers into module simulators as well as protocols for material analysis of used modules/membranes.
Dissemination and exploitation planUpdate of the dissemination and exploitation plan
Interim meeting1 reportMinutes of the 1st interim meeting.
Comparison of alternative supports vs. track-etched supportsComparison of alternative supports vs. track-etched supports. Several alternative supports will be explored to achieve CNM-composites which preserve the benefits of pristine CNMs and enhance their ability to withstand mechanical stress during operation. These pathways include the use and optimization of polymer membranes as well as photolithographically patterned support structures. The performance of the most promising supports will be compared with track-etched supports.
Bench-marking CNM-based CC with state-of-the-artLab-scale systems and pilot-scale systems with implemented CNM-composites with optimized operating parameters for FO-based cold concentration will be compared with state-of-the-art. This includes evaluation of pre-treatment steps, flow speed, type of draw solution, reverse solute flux and feed up-concentration factor.
Publications
Author(s):
Theo Emmerich; Kalangi S. Vasu; Antoine Niguès; Ashok Keerthi; Boya Radha; Alessandro Siria; Lydéric Bocquet
Published in:
Nature Materials, Issue 21, 2022, Page(s) 696-702, ISSN 1476-1122
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
DOI:
10.1038/s41563-022-01229-x
Author(s):
Zhen Yao; Nikolaus Meyerbröker; Yubo Qi; Julian Cremer; Michael Westphal; Dario Anselmetti; Yang Yang; Armin Gölzhäuser
Published in:
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Issue 15, 2023, Page(s) 41101–41108, ISSN 1944-8244
Publisher:
American Chemical Society
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.3c07369
Author(s):
Mattia Giagnorio; Begüm Tanis; Claus Hélix-Nielsen; Fynn Jerome Aschmoneit
Published in:
Separation and Purification Technology, Issue 330, 2024, Page(s) 125182, ISSN 1383-5866
Publisher:
Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI:
10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125182
Author(s):
Mairis Iesalnieks; Raivis Eglītis; Tālis Juhna; Krišjānis Šmits; Andris Šutka
Published in:
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Issue 23, 2022, Page(s) 12936, ISSN 1422-0067
Publisher:
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI:
10.3390/ijms232112936
Author(s):
Geoffrey Monet; Marie-Laure Bocquet; Lydéric Bocquet
Published in:
The Journal of Chemical Physics, Issue 159, 2023, Page(s) 014501, ISSN 0021-9606
Publisher:
American Institute of Physics
DOI:
10.1063/5.0146628
Author(s):
Zhiwei Jiang, Ruijiao Dong, Austin M. Evans, Niklas Biere, Mahmood A. Ebrahim, Siyao Li, Dario Anselmetti, William R. Dichtel, Andrew G. Livingston
Published in:
Nature, Issue 609, 2022, Page(s) 58-64, ISSN 0028-0836
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
DOI:
10.1038/s41586-022-05032-1
Author(s):
P. Robin; T. Emmerich; A. Ismail; A. Niguès; Y. You; G.-H. Nam; A. Keerthi; A. Siria; A. K. Geim; B. Radha; L. Bocquet
Published in:
Science, Issue 379, 2023, Page(s) 161-167, ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
DOI:
10.1126/science.adc9931
Author(s):
Marinos Dimitropoulos; George Trakakis; Nikolaus Meyerbröker; Raphael Gehra; Polina Angelova; Albert Schnieders; Christos Pavlou; Christos Kostaras; Costas Galiotis; Konstantinos Dassios
Published in:
Nanomaterials, Issue 13, 2023, Page(s) 267, ISSN 2079-4991
Publisher:
MDPI
DOI:
10.3390/nano13020267
Author(s):
Qi, Yubo; Yang, Yang; Westphal, Michael; Ennen, Inga; Cremer, Julian; Anselmetti, Dario; Hütten, Andreas; Gölzhäuser, Armin; Dementyev, Petr
Published in:
Advanced Materials Interfaces, Issue 9, 2022, Page(s) 2201385, ISSN 2196-7350
Publisher:
Wiley-VCH GmbH
DOI:
10.1002/admi.202201385
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