Periodic Reporting for period 2 - GLOBECOSAL (Global Economies of Salvation. Art and the Negotiation of Sanctity in the Early Modern Period)
Période du rapport: 2022-07-01 au 2023-12-31
The GLOBECOSAL project investigates the multiple functions of artworks in the process of negotiating sanctity with the Roman Curia in the age of Iberian hegemony (1500–1700). In the post-Tridentine period, saints came to serve spiritual, ideological and propagandistic purposes. The overall neglect in art history of local constructions of sanctity competing with those formulated by the Tridentine church is particularly invidious with regard to blesseds and saints connected in different ways to the process of European expansion, specifically to the Iberian empires.
Promoting a cause for canonization amounted to a lengthy and involved process of negotiation between the party requesting a candidate's canonization and the Curia, which decided upon admittance into the rank of the saints. Artworks were the primary means by which the masses of the faithful learned of a prospective saint's deeds and were invited to venerate and invoke a saintly figure. Veneration was stimulated through artworks both locally and at a distance, promoting the saintly reputation that was essential to the process leading up to canonization. This project examines not only the artworks produced in relation to the pioneers of Catholic sainthood in the post-Tridentine global context, but also failed attempts at beatification or canonization of venerated saintly figures.
How did artworks participate in the negotiation of sanctity between the Roman Curia and the promoters of saintly figures first venerated in newly Christianized territories? In addressing this question, the project considers, as a hypothesis, to what extent such artworks might reveal an underlying negotiation of the 'new' Catholic communities' spiritual status within universal Catholicism. As official recognition affirmed the society which had made a saint its own, the artworks produced to secure such recognition were vehicles of these communities' self-representation within the broader framework of social identity formation.
This project adopts a perspective founded upon the historiographic concept of histoire croisée. It traces the circulation of material objects and iconographies within and between global networks of knowledge transmission, highlighting the power dynamics that undergird relationships of exchange. Concepts from critical sociology are drawn upon to describe a hypothetical 'global market of symbolic values'. In the situation of competition between early modern religious 'fields', the 'capital' represented by sanctity conferred religious legitimacy to a field as a whole. The Curia was the authority which granted access to the 'symbolic capital' of sanctity. To describe the construction of identity inherent in a saint’s portrayal in artworks, a Panofskyan concept of iconology relying on textual and visual sources is complemented by the full range of methods connected in the broadest sense with Visual Studies (Bildwissenschaft). Examination of the convergence of religious and sociopolitical discourse in 'new' Christian societies makes this project inherently multi-disciplinary, although its core is art historical.
Investigating the negotiation of sanctity between Rome and geographically distant areas participates in globalizing the history of early modern art. As the spreading of Catholicism served as the ideological justification for European expansion under Iberian rule, negotiation of an individual’s saintly status amounted to a negotiation of the status awarded to the 'new' Catholic societies within the order established by the Iberian colonial and mercantile empires. Because this process attests to the claims and aspirations of Christian societies around the globe beginning at an early stage of European expansion, it calls into question the dynamics of desire and demand generally associated with its economic aspects. Such an investigation is therefore qualified to challenge established perspectives on Roman Catholicism, colonialism, and the early modern world at large, impacting not only art history, but historical research at its broadest and most interdisciplinary.
The research agenda of the GLOBECOSAL project is organized under the following headings:
- The Global Itineraries of the Martyrs of Japan: Early Modern Religious Networks and the Circulation of Images across Asia, Europe, and the Americas (R. Preisinger)
- From Shangchuan to Saint: Images of Francis Xavier and the Growth of his Global Cult, 1552-1640 (J. Greenwood) / Hercules Asiaticus: Inventing, Popularizing, and Reframing Images of St. Francis Xavier between Europe and East Asia (A. De Caro)
- Portraying the American Rose: The Evolution of Peruvian Saints' Images Between Lima and Rome (L. Querejazu Escobari)
- Ex oriente sanctitas? Images in Unsuccessful Beatification Causes from Iberian Asia (W. Jiang)
- Exemplarity and Experimentation: Images in Unsuccessful Canonization Campaigns from the Viceroyalty of Peru (H. Friedman)
Promoting a cause for canonization amounted to a lengthy and involved process of negotiation between the party requesting a candidate's canonization and the Curia, which decided upon admittance into the rank of the saints. Artworks were the primary means by which the masses of the faithful learned of a prospective saint's deeds and were invited to venerate and invoke a saintly figure. Veneration was stimulated through artworks both locally and at a distance, promoting the saintly reputation that was essential to the process leading up to canonization. This project examines not only the artworks produced in relation to the pioneers of Catholic sainthood in the post-Tridentine global context, but also failed attempts at beatification or canonization of venerated saintly figures.
How did artworks participate in the negotiation of sanctity between the Roman Curia and the promoters of saintly figures first venerated in newly Christianized territories? In addressing this question, the project considers, as a hypothesis, to what extent such artworks might reveal an underlying negotiation of the 'new' Catholic communities' spiritual status within universal Catholicism. As official recognition affirmed the society which had made a saint its own, the artworks produced to secure such recognition were vehicles of these communities' self-representation within the broader framework of social identity formation.
This project adopts a perspective founded upon the historiographic concept of histoire croisée. It traces the circulation of material objects and iconographies within and between global networks of knowledge transmission, highlighting the power dynamics that undergird relationships of exchange. Concepts from critical sociology are drawn upon to describe a hypothetical 'global market of symbolic values'. In the situation of competition between early modern religious 'fields', the 'capital' represented by sanctity conferred religious legitimacy to a field as a whole. The Curia was the authority which granted access to the 'symbolic capital' of sanctity. To describe the construction of identity inherent in a saint’s portrayal in artworks, a Panofskyan concept of iconology relying on textual and visual sources is complemented by the full range of methods connected in the broadest sense with Visual Studies (Bildwissenschaft). Examination of the convergence of religious and sociopolitical discourse in 'new' Christian societies makes this project inherently multi-disciplinary, although its core is art historical.
Investigating the negotiation of sanctity between Rome and geographically distant areas participates in globalizing the history of early modern art. As the spreading of Catholicism served as the ideological justification for European expansion under Iberian rule, negotiation of an individual’s saintly status amounted to a negotiation of the status awarded to the 'new' Catholic societies within the order established by the Iberian colonial and mercantile empires. Because this process attests to the claims and aspirations of Christian societies around the globe beginning at an early stage of European expansion, it calls into question the dynamics of desire and demand generally associated with its economic aspects. Such an investigation is therefore qualified to challenge established perspectives on Roman Catholicism, colonialism, and the early modern world at large, impacting not only art history, but historical research at its broadest and most interdisciplinary.
The research agenda of the GLOBECOSAL project is organized under the following headings:
- The Global Itineraries of the Martyrs of Japan: Early Modern Religious Networks and the Circulation of Images across Asia, Europe, and the Americas (R. Preisinger)
- From Shangchuan to Saint: Images of Francis Xavier and the Growth of his Global Cult, 1552-1640 (J. Greenwood) / Hercules Asiaticus: Inventing, Popularizing, and Reframing Images of St. Francis Xavier between Europe and East Asia (A. De Caro)
- Portraying the American Rose: The Evolution of Peruvian Saints' Images Between Lima and Rome (L. Querejazu Escobari)
- Ex oriente sanctitas? Images in Unsuccessful Beatification Causes from Iberian Asia (W. Jiang)
- Exemplarity and Experimentation: Images in Unsuccessful Canonization Campaigns from the Viceroyalty of Peru (H. Friedman)
During the first 36 months of the project, the team members were chosen and started research along the lines of the individual research agendas. Regular team meetings helped familiarize all team members with the objectives, methodology, expected impact and key bibliography of the project. The presentation of project outlines, of publications prepared for submission and of conference contributions at these team meetings helped the team members to start working on their respective areas of research and to progress swiftly, undertaking research trips to investigate and collect archival material, as well as images and artifacts. Tasks were distributed among the team members according to interests and skills.
Team members undertook research trips to Italy, Spain, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Macao, the Philippines and Japan.
The main results achieved so far comprise:
- two published articles:
1) Raphaèle Preisinger, Hannah Joy Friedman, Jonathan E. Greenwood, Wei Jiang,
Lucía Querejazu Escobari, "Promoting Sanctity by the Means of Artworks. The GLOBECOSAL Project", in Elisa Frei – Eleonora Rai (eds.), Profiling Saints. Images of Modern Sanctity in a Global World, Refo500 Academic Studies 97 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2023) 97–124.
2) Jonathan E. Greenwood, "From Goa to Global: Devotional Images and the Cult of Francis Xavier in the Seventeenth-Century World", in Espacio Tiempo y Forma, Serie IV, Historia Moderna, no. 36 (2023) 221–242.
- 5 articles accepted for publication after peer-review
- 4 articles under review.
Team members undertook research trips to Italy, Spain, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Macao, the Philippines and Japan.
The main results achieved so far comprise:
- two published articles:
1) Raphaèle Preisinger, Hannah Joy Friedman, Jonathan E. Greenwood, Wei Jiang,
Lucía Querejazu Escobari, "Promoting Sanctity by the Means of Artworks. The GLOBECOSAL Project", in Elisa Frei – Eleonora Rai (eds.), Profiling Saints. Images of Modern Sanctity in a Global World, Refo500 Academic Studies 97 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2023) 97–124.
2) Jonathan E. Greenwood, "From Goa to Global: Devotional Images and the Cult of Francis Xavier in the Seventeenth-Century World", in Espacio Tiempo y Forma, Serie IV, Historia Moderna, no. 36 (2023) 221–242.
- 5 articles accepted for publication after peer-review
- 4 articles under review.
All the individual research agendas were designed and conceived of so as to produce genuinely new results, either because the respective topic has hardly been worked on or because it is viewed from a new angle.
"The Global Itineraries of the Martyrs of Japan: Early Modern Religious Networks and the Circulation of Images across Asia, Europe, and the Americas" investigates images of Japan martyrs with a close examination of the 26 Christian victims of persecution, who were crucified in 1597 and beatified thirty years later. Concentrating on the most important globally circulating artworks and iconographies, the development and negotiation of the martyrs' saintly status by visual means is examined.
"Hercules Asiaticus: Inventing, Popularizing, and Reframing Images of Francis Xavier between Europe and East Asia" investigates the growth of the fama sanctitatis of Francis Xavier with respect to his initial characterization as the precursor of the Jesuit missionaries in China and the "Apostle of the East".
"Portraying the American Rose: The Evolution of Peruvian Saints' Images Between Lima and Rome" investigates the role of images in three successful canonization campaigns of saints related to the Viceroyalty of Peru. While the focus is primarily on Rose of Lima, a comparative approach is chosen, which allows to also examine the processes of Toribio de Mogrovejo and Francisco Solano.
"Ex oriente sanctitas? Images in Unsuccessful Beatification Causes from Iberian Asia" examines the functions of images in beatification campaigns launched in Southeast and South Asia, which didn’t succeed at all or not until the nineteenth century.
"Exemplarity and Experimentation: Images in Unsuccessful Canonization Campaigns from the Viceroyalty of Peru" looks at the multiple roles of images in unsuccessful campaigns to canonize saints from the Viceroyalty of Peru in the long seventeenth century.
Expected results until the end of the project include:
- a monograph or multiple articles from the subproject on the Japan martyrs
- two articles and a monograph from the subproject on St. Francis Xavier
- a monograph and one or two articles from the subproject on St. Rose of Lima
- several articles related to unsuccessful campaigns from Asia
- several articles related to unsuccessful campaigns from the Viceroyalty of Peru
- a conference on the topic of the GLOBECOSAL project to be held at the Bibliotheca Hertziana in Rome
- publication of the conference proceedings
"The Global Itineraries of the Martyrs of Japan: Early Modern Religious Networks and the Circulation of Images across Asia, Europe, and the Americas" investigates images of Japan martyrs with a close examination of the 26 Christian victims of persecution, who were crucified in 1597 and beatified thirty years later. Concentrating on the most important globally circulating artworks and iconographies, the development and negotiation of the martyrs' saintly status by visual means is examined.
"Hercules Asiaticus: Inventing, Popularizing, and Reframing Images of Francis Xavier between Europe and East Asia" investigates the growth of the fama sanctitatis of Francis Xavier with respect to his initial characterization as the precursor of the Jesuit missionaries in China and the "Apostle of the East".
"Portraying the American Rose: The Evolution of Peruvian Saints' Images Between Lima and Rome" investigates the role of images in three successful canonization campaigns of saints related to the Viceroyalty of Peru. While the focus is primarily on Rose of Lima, a comparative approach is chosen, which allows to also examine the processes of Toribio de Mogrovejo and Francisco Solano.
"Ex oriente sanctitas? Images in Unsuccessful Beatification Causes from Iberian Asia" examines the functions of images in beatification campaigns launched in Southeast and South Asia, which didn’t succeed at all or not until the nineteenth century.
"Exemplarity and Experimentation: Images in Unsuccessful Canonization Campaigns from the Viceroyalty of Peru" looks at the multiple roles of images in unsuccessful campaigns to canonize saints from the Viceroyalty of Peru in the long seventeenth century.
Expected results until the end of the project include:
- a monograph or multiple articles from the subproject on the Japan martyrs
- two articles and a monograph from the subproject on St. Francis Xavier
- a monograph and one or two articles from the subproject on St. Rose of Lima
- several articles related to unsuccessful campaigns from Asia
- several articles related to unsuccessful campaigns from the Viceroyalty of Peru
- a conference on the topic of the GLOBECOSAL project to be held at the Bibliotheca Hertziana in Rome
- publication of the conference proceedings