Beyond 5G Artificial Intelligence Assisted Energy Efficient Open Radio Access Network

Project Information

BeGREEN

Grant agreement ID: 101097083

DOI

10.3030/101097083

Project closed

EC signature date 21 November 2022

Start date 1 January 2023

End date 30 June 2025

Funded under

• Digital, Industry and Space

Total cost

€ 5 201 118,75

EU contribution

€ 4 827 673,75

Coordinated by

ACCELLERAN
Belgium

CORDIS provides links to public deliverables and publications of HORIZON projects.

Links to deliverables and publications from FP7 projects, as well as links to some specific result types such as dataset and software, are dynamically retrieved from OpenAIRE .

Deliverables

Websites, patent fillings, videos etc. (1)

Webpage of the project

D1.2 will provide the website of the project in a public domain and online available.

Documents, reports (8)

State-of-the-art on PHY mechanisms energy consumption and specification of efficiency enhancement solutions

D3.1 provides a SoTA analysis of the different energy efficiency improvement strategies related to the developments in all WP3 tasks. Architecture of the RU offloading engine and O-RAN AAL in CU-UP are analysed and reported.

Use case identification and demonstration plan

D5.1 will collate and agree the use cases that are proposed by partners working on different WPs for inclusion in the final demonstrators and testbeds. The testbed requirements for each of the use cases will be defined. The KPIs that will be measured as part of the demonstrator activity will be defined with reference to the work in T2.1, in addition to the measurements that will be required to create the KPIs.

D1.1 Management handbook and quality plan

D1.1 contains information about the internal coordination of the consortium and the work procedures. It contains instructions on the collaboration tools as well as management responsibilities.

Data management plan

D1.3 will provide the status and strategy of the project regarding the data management and GDPR and ways to maximise access to and re-use of research data generated by actions with special emphasis in publishing Open Access (OA). This deliverable will evolve during the lifetime of the project.

BeGREEN reference architecture

D2.1 will contain a survey in current state of the art energy efficiency methodologies and achievable results in RAN in order to serve as input for T2.2. The deliverable will focus on different network architectures, energy aware control mechanisms and AI/ML enhanced mechanisms.

State-of-the-art review and initial definition of BeGREEN O-RAN intelligent plane, and AI/ML algorithms for NFV user-plane and edge service control energy efficiency optimization

D4.1 reports the outcomes of T4.1, T4.2 and T4.3 on the SotA review, and will establish the design principles of the BeGREEN intelligent plane and the AI/ML-assisted procedures to enhance energy efficiency of the network user plane functions and the edge assisted service control. An initial design of the BeGREEN intelligent plane developed in T4.1 and the AI/ML algorithms developed in T4.2 and T4.3 will also be included in this deliverable.

Interim project report

D1.4 will provide a summary of the progress of work and management aspects of period M1-M12, and M13-M25 for the Commission officer.

D6.1 Plan for exploitation and dissemination of the results

D6.1 provides the project plan on dissemination actions, the individual and joint exploitation activities, and the standardization contribution plan.

Publications

Conference proceedings (19)

Risk-Aware Continuous Control with Neural Contextual Bandits

Author(s): Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Issue 38, 2024, ISSN 2374-3468
Publisher: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v38i19.30083

Quantifying the Energy-Saving and QoS Trade-Off in Traffic Offloading for Real 4G/5G Scenarios

Author(s): David Reiss, Miguel Catalan-Cid, Daniel Camps, Oriol Sallent
Published in: 2025
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.15655405

Comparative Analysis of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces and Relay Nodes for Energy Saving

Author(s): Jordi Pérez-Romero, J. Xavier Salvat Lozano, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Oriol Sallent, Anna Umbert, Juan Sánchez-González, Xavier Costa-Pérez
Published in: 2025 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), 2025
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/EUCNC/6GSUMMIT63408.2025.11036907

Kairos: Energy-Efficient Radio Unit Control for O-RAN via Advanced Sleep Modes

Author(s): Josep Xavier Salvat, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: 2025
Publisher: Josep Xavier Salvat, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Perez
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2501.15853

Exploiting Cell Similarities in a Radio Access Network to Enhance Explainability for Autonomic Network Management Systems

Author(s): Joss Armstrong, Sheila Fallon, Enda Fallon
Published in: ICCAIS 2023, 2024
Publisher: IEEE

Policy-Guided ML for Energy Savings: Cell On/Off Switching under Operator QoS Constraints in Real 5G Networks

Author(s): David Reiss, Miguel Catalan-Cid, Daniel Camps, Oriol Sallent
Published in: 2025
Publisher: IEEE

Understanding the Performance and Power Saving Tradeoffs of Server Sleep States

Author(s): Abigail Griffiths
Published in: IEEE CloudNet2023 conference, 2023
Publisher: IEEE

Fair Resource Allocation in Virtualized O-RAN Platforms

Author(s): Fatih Aslan, George Iosifidis, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, Issue 8, 2024, ISSN 2476-1249
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
DOI: 10.1145/3639043

Mean-Field Multi-Agent Contextual Bandit for Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in vRANs

Author(s): Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Leonardo Lo Schiavo, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: IEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 2024
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/INFOCOM52122.2024.10621197

Efficiency explored: enhancing energy evaluation in 5G networks with simulation

Author(s): Kishan Sthankiya, Keith Briggs, Mona Jaber, Richard Clegg
Published in: 2023 IEEE Global Communications Conference, 2023
Publisher: IEEE

YinYangRAN: Resource Multiplexing in GPU-Accelerated Virtualized RANs

Author(s): Leonardo Lo Schiavo, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Marco Fiore, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: IEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 2024
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/INFOCOM52122.2024.10621380

FairRIC: Real-Time Fair Allocation in O-RAN with Shared Computing

Author(s): Fatih Aslan, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Perez, George Iosifidis
Published in: IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 2025
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/INFOCOM55648.2025.11044643

AI-Ready Energy Modelling for Next Generation RAN

Author(s): Kishan Sthankiya, Keith Briggs, Mona Jaber, Richard G. Clegg
Published in: 2024 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2024
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/WCNC57260.2024.10571134

Demo: BeGREEN Intelligence Plane for AI-driven Energy Efficient O-RAN management

Author(s): Miguel Catalan-Cid, David Reiss, German Castellanos, Joss Armstrong
Published in: IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 2025
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/INFOCOMWKSHPS65812.2025.11152833

MemorAI: Energy-Efficient Last-Level Cache Memory Optimization for Virtualized RANs

Author(s): Ethan Sanchez Hidalgo, J. Xavier Salvat Lozano, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xi Li, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning for Communication and Networking (ICMLCN), 2024
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/ICMLCN59089.2024.10624821

Dimensionality Reduction for Optimization of Radio Base Station Transmission Based on Energy Efficiency

Author(s): Joss Armstrong, Enda Fallon
Published in: ITMS 2023, 2023
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/ITMS59786.2023.10317744

Pre-Emptive Conflict Detection Architecture for O-RAN Service Management and Orchestration

Author(s): Joss Armstrong, Enda Fallon, Sheila Fallon
Published in: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT), 2024
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/IAICT62357.2024.10617647

BeGREEN: Beyond 5G Energy Efficient Networking by Hardware Acceleration and AI-Driven Management of Network Functions

Author(s): Mir Ghoraishi, Jose Oriol Sallent, Miguel Catalan-Cid, Guillermo Bielsa, Juan-Francisco Esteban-Rivas, Vladica Sark, Jesus Gutierrez Teran, Simon Pryor
Published in: 2023 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), 2023
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/EuCNC/6GSummit58263.2023.10188307

Optimizing antenna beamforming with quantum computing

Author(s): Keith Briggs
Published in: EuCAP 2023, 2023
Publisher: EuCAP

Peer reviewed articles (12)

Attacking O-RAN Interfaces: Threat Modeling, Analysis and Practical Experimentation

Author(s): Pau Baguer, Girma M. Yilma, Esteban Municio, Gines Garcia-Aviles, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Marco Liebsch, Xavier Costa-Pérez
Published in: IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Issue 5, 2024, ISSN 2644-125X
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3431681

Space and time user distribution measurements dataset in a university campus

Author(s): Olga Ruiz, Juan Sánchez-González, Jordi Pérez-Romero, Oriol Sallent, Irene Vilà
Published in: Computer Networks, Issue 243, 2024, ISSN 1389-1286
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110329

Echoes: An Open RAN-Enabled System for Indoors Localization Using Smart Surfaces

Author(s): Pau Baguer, Josep Xavier Salvat Lozano, Guillermo Encinas-Lago, Placido Mursia, Esteban Municio, Marco Rossanese, Vincenzo Sciancalepore, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Issue 6, 2025, ISSN 2644-125X
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3603832

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) Experimentation Platform: Design and Datasets

Author(s): J. Xavier Salvat, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, Lanfranco Zanzi, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: IEEE Communications Magazine, 2023, ISSN 1558-1896
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.003.2200711

AIRIC: Orchestration of Virtualized Radio Access Networks With Noisy Neighbours

Author(s): Josep Xavier Salvat Lozano; Andres Garcia-Saavedra; Xi Li; Xavier Costa Perez
Published in: Crossref, 2024, ISSN 1558-0008
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2311.04649

AegisRAN: A Fair and Energy-Efficient Computing Resource Allocation Framework for vRANs

Author(s): Ethan Sanchez Hidalgo, Jose A. Ayala-Romero, J. Xavier Salvat Lozano, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa Perez
Published in: Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2025, ISSN 2161-9875
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/TMC.2025.3564116

Deep Learning-based Algorithm for Optimizing Relay User Equipment Activation in 5G Cellular Networks

Author(s): J. J. Hernández-Carlón, J. Pérez-Romero, O. Sallent, I. Vilà, F. Casadevall
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2023, ISSN 1939-9359
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2023.3328057

Open Experimental Measurements of Sub-6GHz Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

Author(s): Marco Rossanese, Placido Mursia, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Vincenzo Sciancalepore, Arash Asadi, Xavier Costa-Perez
Published in: IEEE Internet Computing, Issue 28, 2024, ISSN 1089-7801
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/MIC.2024.3376772

A Tutorial on the Characterisation and Modelling of Low Layer Functional Splits for Flexible Radio Access Networks in 5G and Beyond

Author(s): Jordi Pérez-Romero; Oriol Sallent; Antoni Gelonch; Xavier Gelabert; Bleron Klaiqi; Marcus Kahn; David Campoy
Published in: IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2023, ISSN 1553-877X
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/comst.2023.3296821

O-RAN: Analysis of Latency-critical Interfaces and Overview of Time Sensitive Networking Solutions

Author(s): Esteban Municio, Gines Garcia-Aviles, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Pérez
Published in: IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 2023, ISSN 2471-2833
Publisher: IEEE
DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.10021416

On the Design of a Network Digital Twin for the Radio Access Network in 5G and Beyond

Author(s): Irene Vilà; Oriol Sallent; Jordi Pérez-Romero
Published in: Sensors, 2023, ISSN 1424-8220
Publisher: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/s23031197

Enabling Beyond-Visual-Line-of-Sight Drones Operation Over Open RAN 5G Networks With Slicing

Author(s): Pau Baguer, Esteban Municio, Gines Garcia-Aviles, Xavier Costa-Pérez
Published in: IEEE Network, Issue 38, 2024, ISSN 0890-8044
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/MNET.2024.3420085

Other (2)

Towards sustainable 6G: A collaborative call to action for addressing environmental challenges in (and thanks to) future mobile networks

Author(s): Regis Decorme, Sébastien Faye, Monique Calisti, Simon Pryor, Indrakshi Dey, Maria Pia Fanti, Francesco Malandrino and Chiara Lombardo
Published in: Open Res Europe 2025, Issue 4:260, 2025
Publisher: European Commission

EdgeBOL: A Bayesian Learning Approach for the Joint Orchestration of vRANs and Mobile Edge AI

Author(s): Jose A. Ayala-Romero; Andres Garcia-Saavedra; Xavier Costa-Perez; George Iosifidis
Published in: Crossref, 2023
Publisher: Zenodo
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7898512