Active and ancient continental rifts are at the centre of a green energy and low carbon future. For the ~50 years since the birth of plate tectonics theory, studies of how and why continents break apart and new oceans form have been driven to a large degree by the search for hydrocarbons. This has led to significant knowledge gaps on key aspects of continental rifting, such as the controlling factors that allow rifts to initiate and then break up to form a new ocean, the interaction between surface processes and subsurface tectonics, the transfer of heat and mass due to fluid flow and magmatic activity, and the potential for alternative energies and their associated challenges. However, society is now at one of the most critical moments in history, with significant reductions in CO2 emissions required to keep average global temperatures sufficiently low. To achieve this, the majority of climate models require a transition to the use of low CO2 emitting sustainable “green” energy sources, such as geothermal, and also to capture and store CO2 below ground.