Harnessing the Catalytic Potential of Nitrogenases

Descripción del proyecto

Plantas que producen sus propios fertilizantes nitrogenados

El proceso de Haber-Bosch es la principal vía de producción industrial de amoníaco, fundamental para la producción de fertilizantes nitrogenados y el suministro mundial de alimentos. Requiere nitrógeno e hidrógeno gaseosos y un catalizador a base de hierro a alta temperatura y presión, lo cual genera un enorme consumo de energía, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y problemas ecológicos. Las nitrogenasas fijan el nitrógeno pero solo están presentes en procariotas. El equipo del proyecto GOFIXIT, financiado por el Consejo Europeo de Investigación, tiene como objetivo establecer la producción recombinante de un sistema enzimático nitrogenasa completo en un hospedador heterólogo, y más concretamente en cultivos alimentarios. El equipo de GOFIXIT producirá los componentes enzimáticos, los analizará y desarrollará la ruta desde la síntesis y la maduración hasta la transferencia e inserción de los centros metálicos catalíticos propios de estas enzimas.

Objetivo

Biological nitrogen fixation is nature’s alternative to the industrial Haber-Bosch process that currently feeds at least half of the human world population through the provision of nitrogen fertilizers. In addition to its high energy demand, the process increasingly leads to various ecological problems, as its annual output steadily grows with demand. Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis leads to the release of the greenhouse gases CO2 and N2O and to eutrophication of waters and aquifers because a substantial portion of nitrogen is lost to competing chemical and biological processes. One solution for this is to transfer the enzyme directly into food crops.

GOFIXIT will establish the recombinant production of a complete nitrogenase enzyme system in a heterologous host and make a link to central metabolism, effectively converting the host into a functional diazotroph. Nitrogenase is a two-component metalloenzyme that is uniquely able to reduce chemically inert, atmospheric N2 into its bioavailable form, ammonium. It occurs only in prokaryotes, is highly sensitive to O2, and it requires large amounts of metabolic energy in form of ATP and a strong reduct-ant for catalysis. To obtain a functional production system, all these points must be addressed in parallel. Based on our long record of research on nitrogenases, we are ideally positioned to succeed, focusing on our unique competence in preparative protein biochemistry and analysis. We have produced, isolated, and structurally characterized all three nitrogenase isoforms, and developed the spectroscopic and structural tools for a detailed analysis of their intricate metal cofactors. GOFIXIT focuses on the production of the enzyme components, and based on their analysis chooses, tunes, and applies the required accessory machineries for the synthesis, maturation, transfer, and insertion of the catalytic metal centres that are unique to this class of enzymes.