To achieve its main objectives, SUPERLASER is structured into four key phases:
Phase 1 – Project Launch and Coordination (WP1):
The project officially began with its Kick-off Meeting on September 23–24, 2024, hosted by NCSR “Demokritos” (coordinator). This phase ensured alignment across partners, established management procedures, and secured compliance with EC regulations, budgetary, and contractual obligations.
Phase 2 – Predictive Design and Material Development (WP2, WP3):
This phase focused on predicting and developing over one million potential halide perovskite phases with strong Rashba spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and no critical raw materials. The University of Nottingham (UoN) implemented a hierarchical computational discovery framework combining machine learning (ML), atomistic modeling, and DFT simulations to rapidly assess structural stability and optoelectronic properties. A dataset of 80 representative phases was generated using molecular dynamics accelerated by ML, forming the basis for a predictive tolerance factor model capable of mapping stability and guiding synthesis for 996 novel compounds.
In parallel, Linköping University (LiU) developed inorganic charge-transport layers, such as ZnO, optimized for perfect energy-level matching with perovskite emitters. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA) designed both n-type (e.g. PEI dendrimers, TDPPQ derivatives) and p-type organic semiconductors (e.g. Spiro-OMeTAD and derivatives) as efficient electron and hole injection layers in PeLEDs, enabling improved charge balance and device stability.
Phase 3 – Superlattice Development and Superradiance Validation (WP4, WP5):
This phase focused on fabricating and characterizing superradiant perovskite superlattices using solution-based, low-temperature methods. NCSR “D” successfully grew large MAFAPbI₃ crystals, with and without Rb incorporation, via inverse temperature crystallization. Universitat Jaume I (INAM-UJI) explored complementary synthetic routes such as space confinement and antisolvent-assisted crystallization, achieving Sn-based 3D perovskite single crystals. EPFL produced 2D and quasi-2D superlattices atop 3D perovskite substrates using a solution-phase approach, supporting the development of ordered, defect-minimized structures.
To validate room-temperature superradiance, LiU installed a cryostat-integrated transient absorption spectroscopy setup, enabling measurements from 300 K to 10 K. A new optical coherence protocol based on femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was also established, providing a reliable means to detect and quantify superradiant emission and coherence dynamics in perovskite thin films.
Phase 4 – Device Design, Prototyping, and Sustainability Assessment (WP6, WP7):
In the final phase, IMEC fabricated prototype PeLED devices exhibiting ultra-fast response times and current densities exceeding 10⁴ A/cm², establishing the groundwork for electrically pumped superradiant perovskite lasers. These devices will integrate superlattice emitters from earlier phases with optimized organic/inorganic charge transport layers.
