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Whistleblowers before Whistleblowing: Denouncing Corruption from below in the Seventeenth-Century Spanish Empire

Objective

Whistleblowers before Whistleblowing: Denouncing Corruption from below in the Seventeenth-Century Spanish Empire (BELOWBLOWERS) investigates the historical roots of whistleblowing by focusing on corruption denunciations in the Spanish Empire during the early seventeenth century. It examines how ordinary citizens in Mexico, Sicily, and Catalonia actively scrutinized and challenged public officials during accountability procedures known as Visitas (1604–1606). Drawing on 361 prosecutions and over 4,000 testimonies, the project reconstructs the social and demographic profiles of denouncers, analyzing their age, gender, profession, literacy, motivations, and relationships with accused officials. Combining quantitative database analysis with qualitative case studies, BELOWBLOWERS reveals how vigilance practices empowered individuals and communities to defend the public good, while also addressing the risks of retaliation and early protection mechanisms such as safe conducts. This bottom-up approach challenges traditional elite-focused narratives by situating ordinary men and women as central actors in anti-corruption enforcement and political participation. It explores how denunciation operated not only as a legal tool but also as a form of social practice, embedded in local communities and mobilized in broader political conflicts. By systematically coding testimonies into a relational database and applying statistical methods, the project introduces an innovative digital humanities methodology to corruption studies. Ultimately, BELOWBLOWERS provides new insights into the social fabric of vigilance, the limits of engagement in premodern societies, and the long-term historical roots of contemporary debates on accountability and whistleblower protection.

Fields of science (EuroSciVoc)

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Keywords

Project’s keywords as indicated by the project coordinator. Not to be confused with the EuroSciVoc taxonomy (Fields of science)

Programme(s)

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Topic(s)

Calls for proposals are divided into topics. A topic defines a specific subject or area for which applicants can submit proposals. The description of a topic comprises its specific scope and the expected impact of the funded project.

Funding Scheme

Funding scheme (or “Type of Action”) inside a programme with common features. It specifies: the scope of what is funded; the reimbursement rate; specific evaluation criteria to qualify for funding; and the use of simplified forms of costs like lump sums.

HORIZON-TMA-MSCA-PF-EF - HORIZON TMA MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowships - European Fellowships

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Call for proposal

Procedure for inviting applicants to submit project proposals, with the aim of receiving EU funding.

(opens in new window) HORIZON-MSCA-2025-PF

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Coordinator

LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITAET MUENCHEN
Net EU contribution

Net EU financial contribution. The sum of money that the participant receives, deducted by the EU contribution to its linked third party. It considers the distribution of the EU financial contribution between direct beneficiaries of the project and other types of participants, like third-party participants.

€ 217 965,12
Address
GESCHWISTER SCHOLL PLATZ 1
80539 MUNCHEN
Germany

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Region
Bayern Oberbayern München, Kreisfreie Stadt
Activity type
Higher or Secondary Education Establishments
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Total cost

The total costs incurred by this organisation to participate in the project, including direct and indirect costs. This amount is a subset of the overall project budget.

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