Final Report Summary - ENETRAP-II (European network for education and training in radiation protection - II)
Executive summary:
Radiation protection (RP) is a major challenge in the industrial applications of ionising radiation, both nuclear and non-nuclear, as well as in other areas such as the medical and research area.
Within this perspective, maintaining a high level of competency in RP is crucial to ensure current and future safe use of ionising radiation and the development of new technologies in a safe way. Moreover, the perceived growth in the different application fields requires a high level of understanding of RP in order to protect workers, the public and the environment of the potential risks. A sustainable education and training (E&T) infrastructure for RP is an essential component to combat the decline in expertise and to ensure the availability of a high level of RP knowledge which can meet the demands in the future.
In addition to the concern of maintaining and expanding a competent workforce, the mutual recognition between Members States of functions like the one of the RP expert (RPE) becomes crucial in a world of dynamic markets and increasing workers' mobility. Today's challenge is the creation of a training environment, tools, and comparison mechanisms which satisfies all Member State needs, and which allows for easy and straightforward mutual recognition of the RP professionals involved.
ENETRAP-II developed the European reference training scheme for RPEs and RP officers (RPOs), complying with specific requirements stipulated in the European basic safety standards, and taking into account European approaches in E&T such as the European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET) and European Qualifications Framework (EQF) principles. This development takes into account the existing provisions and the needs expressed by the stakeholders in the different Member States. Next to this, ENETRAP-II developed accompanying training material to support the training of RPEs and RPOs, and conducted some pilot sessions. In order to inform all stakeholders about the different initiatives in RP E&T, a database was developed carrying all information regarding courses, traineeship possibilities, E&T providers etc. on one centralised place.
In addition, the mutual recognition of RPEs in Europe was studied. A suggestion was made for the introduction of a European Training Passport, and mechanisms to compare training materials and providers to facilitate mutual recognition were established.
Project context and objectives:
The overall objective of ENETRAP-II is to develop European high-quality 'reference standards' and good practices for training in RP, specifically with respect to the RPE and the RPO. These 'standards' will reflect the needs of the RPE and the RPO in all sectors where ionising radiation is applied (nuclear industry, medical sector, research, non-nuclear industry).
Development of comparison methods for training courses and the introduction of a RP training passport as a mean to facilitate efficient and transparent European mutual recognition is another ultimate deliverable of this project. Furthermore, attention is given to encouragement of young, early-stage researchers. In order to meet future needs, it is necessary to attract more young people by awaking their interest in radiation applications and RP already during their schooldays and later on during their out-of-school education (university or vocational E&T).
Specific objectives of the project are:
(i) to develop the European RP reference training scheme (ERPTS) for RPE training;
(ii) to develop a European reference standard for RPO training;
(iii) to develop and apply a mechanism for the evaluation of training material, courses and providers;
(iv) to establish a recognised and sustainable ERPTS 'quality label' for training events;
(v) to create a database of training events and training providers (including on-the-job-training) conforming to the agreed ERPTS;
(vi) to bring together national initiatives to attract early-stage RP researchers on a European level;
(vii) to develop some course material examples, including modern tools such as e-learning;
(viii) to develop a system for monitoring the effectiveness of the ERPTS;
(ix) to organise pilot sessions of specific modules of the ERPTS and monitor the effectiveness according to the developed system;
(x) the development of a European passport for continuous professional development in RP.
The outcome of this project is instrumental for the cooperation between regulators, training providers and customers (nuclear industry, medical sector, research and non-nuclear industry) in reaching harmonisation of the requirements for, and the E&T of RPEs and RPOs within Europe, and stimulates building competence and career development in RP to meet the demands of the future.
Project results:
In order to achieve the ENETRAP-II objectives mentioned earlier, the project defined the following work packages (WPs):
- WP1: Coordination of the project
- WP2: Define requirements and methodology for recognition of RPEs
- WP3: Define requirements for RPO competencies and establish guidance for appropriate RPO training
- WP4: Establish the reference standard for RPE training
- WP5: Development and apply mechanisms for the evaluation of training material, events and providers
- WP6: Create a database of training events and training providers (including OJT) conforming to the agreed standard
- WP7: Develop of some course material examples (text book, e-learning modules)
- WP8: Organise pilot sessions, test proposed methodologies and monitor the training scheme effectiveness
- WP9: Introduction of the training passport and mutual recognition system of RPEs
- WP10: Collaboration for building new innovative generations of specialists in RP.
In the following paragraphs, a summary of the achievements is given. More details of the work performed in ENETRAP-II can be found in the different reports delivered.
WP1: Coordination of the project
Regarding the coordination of the project, as foreseen in Annex I, the coordinator took several actions.
- Immediately after the start of the project, a consortium agreement was set up and signed by all parties.
- A steering committee (SC), consisting of a representative of each partner, was set up. In total, eight SC meetings were held during the total duration of the project. They were prepared and chaired by the coordinator, afterwards also the minutes of the meeting were prepared by the coordinator. During SC meetings, the overall progress of the project was discussed, and necessary actions were discussed and taken in order to meet the pre-set goals. In addition, the project actions were adapted to the new standards and guidelines in the E&T community, for example the introduction of the ECVET principles.
- An advisory board (AB) was set up, with representatives of relevant stakeholders with regard to the aim of the project. The AB consisted of representatives of HERCA, EUTERP, Art. 31 group of experts, Directorate-General (DG) for Energy of the European Commission (EC), International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), European Federation of Organisations in Medical Physics (EFOMP), ECVET. The AB met three times during the total duration of the project. The main task of the AB was to reflect and advice on the project actions and results.
- The project results were disseminated by the partners through participation to several national and international workshops and conferences. In addition, a dedicated ENETRAP-II session was embedded in the EUTERP workshop of 2011.
- A website was set up (see http://www.sckcen.be/enetrap2 online), and updated on a regular basis during the project. The website consists of a public and private part, the latter being used by the members of the SC to exchange information and files. Currently, the public part contains the final version of the main deliverables of ENETRAP-II.
WP2: Define the requirements and methodology for the recognition of RPEs
The primary focus of the ENETRAP-II project has been the development of European reference standards for E&T in RP, however, the status conferred by that training, for example that of RPE (as defined in the current draft of the revised European basic safety standards) has also been considered.
The requirements for formal recognition of RPEs and development of proposed methodologies for recognition on both national and international, i.e. mutual recognition between Member States have been addressed within WP2. The specific outcomes of this work can be summarised as follows:
Criteria for RPE recognition
Criteria for RPE recognition were developed following consultation with relevant stakeholder groups, that is regulators / regulatory bodies, RP professional bodies and training providers. In this consultation exercise proposals for the core criteria for recognition were presented in a discussion document and identified contacts were asked to agree / disagree and to give their views. The broad matters addressed were:
(a) the aspects to be considered in the recognition process;
(b) the criteria (within those aspects) to be satisfied; and
(c) the essential components of a recognition scheme.
The detail of the responses from the consultation exercise included in the first report from WP2 (March 2010) as are the resulting proposed criteria for RPE competence: criteria are specified for background education, knowledge / understanding of topics in a reference syllabus, knowledge of operational RP, ability to develop and provide advice and required experience. A proposal for the operation of national schemes for RPE recognition is also included in the first report.
Mutual recognition
A general concept for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications exists within the EU. This is aimed primarily at those who are qualified to practice their profession in one Member State and wish to have that qualification recognised in another in order to practice the same profession there. This concept is clearly applicable to RPEs within the EU. Building on the work done during the first phase of WP2, key requirements for recognition of RPEs on an international (Member States) basis was developed and guidance as to how the process of mutual recognition could work in practice was drafted. In developing the criteria for mutual recognition each of the 5 core components for initial RPE Recognition was considered on the basis of whether or not the component was transferable, i.e. not impacted by the country in which the RPE might wish to work. In all cases the outcome was 'yes', although it became clear that some minor additional components such as knowledge of the legislation in the new country and confirmation of fluency in the language in which the RPE might have to provide advice should be required.
Full details are provided in the Final Report of WP2.
WP3: Requirements for RPOs
The concept of RPO is being used since many years, but was only recently taken up in the draft of the revised Euratom Basic Safety Standards (Euratom BSS), based on the advice of EUTERP and the ENETRAP 6FP Consortium. Depending on the complexity of the radiation application and the associated RP tasks, RPOs, as defined in the draft Euratom BSS, need appropriate training in RP and a certain level of work experience tailored to the specific needs to fulfil particular RP tasks.
It is therefore essential, on the European level:
(i) to define the required competences for RPO according to their area of work and specific RP tasks; and
(ii) to propose references for content and mechanisms for delivery of RPO training.
In order to define requirements for RPO competencies, the role of RPO has been considered on the European level. It should be noted that, other than the issues of general competency and suitability, there is no prescription on the European or international level of the 'specification' of the individual acting as RPO. The appropriate route to gaining the level of competence required to become an RPO will be a combination of training plus relevant experience in the appropriate area of work.
In this WP, the main areas of RPO work are considered and examples of appropriate training contents are given, divided into professional categories or competence groups, covering the following areas:
(a) handling of radioactive materials and practices on installations producing ionising radiation (incl. accelerators and cyclotrons);
(b) medicine, dentistry;
(c) operation of x-ray equipment (technical, medical (without patients), veterinary medicine);
(d) RPO in nuclear power plants/research reactors.
The European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the European Credit system for Vocational E&T (ECVET) are considered as useful tools in building competence of RPO within Europe. Examples of knowledge, skills and competence elements for various EQF levels are given which may be further developed to fit existing RPO training activities.
Full details are provided in the WP3 reports WD 3.1 (Requirements for RPO competencies), and WD 3.2 (Establishment of European guidance on the content and mechanisms for delivery of RPO training), available on the ENETRAP-II website.
WP4: Establishment of the reference standards for RPE training
The work proposed in WP4 of ENETRAP-II is the development of the European reference training scheme for the RPE. During the development of this work, and due to evolution in the European context of Vocational E&T (VET), we also sought to incorporate the ECVET approach (European Credit for Vocational E&T) and established learning outcomes (LO) associated to competences.
The reference training scheme is based on the preliminary ENETRAP training scheme developed at the end of the ENETRAP 6FP project. This training scheme was set up on the basis of already developed 'model' courses like the PGEC (IAEA) and the Saclay-based ERPC, and was agreed upon by the main stakeholders in RP E&T via the EUTERP workshops. Within ENETRAP-II, we have further developed the reference training scheme to the model that is presented below, consisting of a core unit to be followed by all RPE, and specialised units, to be attended depending on the working environment of the RPE. The list of specialised units should be seen as non-exhaustive. This dynamic list of specialised training modules is still expanding, and is being further developed with for example organisations such as EURADOS and EAN.
In addition, learning outcomes are defined. For the modules 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, in total 413 LO's (166 associated to knowledge, 156 associated to skills and 91 associated to attitudes) were defined. These were selected on the basis of the experience of the partner institutions, and also through interviews with leading RPEs from industry, the medical sector and training providers external to the project Consortium.
Facing the large number of competences and LO's, we also developed a prototype of a tool that can serve as management system for nuclear competences (currently developed in MS Access). However, the need for a specialised tool remains. This tool allows for adding, deleting, duplicating and moving competences and / or LO's and aims to introduce a common language regarding LO's, facilitating a common methodology and the same level of detail in the whole of the nuclear E&T projects (in RP, waste management, nuclear engineering, safety culture). In this way, we also hope to reduce the difficulties and complexity currently perceived in implementing ECVET in nuclear.
Full details regarding the European reference training scheme for RPE, and the accompanying Learning Outcomes, are provided in the final report of this WP: 'WD 4.2.: Define requirements and methodology for recognition of RPEs', available on the project website.
WP5: Develop and apply mechanisms for the evaluation of training material, events and providers
Within the ENETRAP-II project we also aimed to facilitate the evaluation of training material and events, so that each provider can compare his material or event to the European reference RP training scheme (ERPTS), developed in WP4. Furthermore WP5 has developed a few quality criteria that can be used as a European quality standard for training providers. If a training provider fulfils all these quality criteria he equals the European quality standard.
Evaluation of training material and training events
The evaluation of training material (WD 5.1) and events (WD 5.2) is based on the evaluation of learning outcomes in three different categories: knowledge, skills and competences. The provider who wants to compare his training material or event with the ERPTS starts with writing down the learning outcomes of his material or event in the different categories knowledge, skills and competences. The second step is to describe the goal of his learning outcomes and give the right indicator of Table 1 to his knowledge based learning outcomes and give the right indicator of Table 2 to his skills or competence based learning outcomes. Within the ENETRAP-II project this first and second step was carried out for the ERPTS, developed in WP4.
The last step of the evaluation process is to compare the descriptor of each learning outcome of his material or event to that of the ERPTS. When the number of the descriptor of the knowledge based learning outcome of his material or event is equal or higher than that of the ERPTS, the material or event comes to be equivalent to the ERPTS.
When the grade of the descriptor of the skill or competence based learning outcomes of his material or event is 'yes', than his material or event is at least equal to that of ERPTS. When the grade of the descriptor of the skill or competence based learning outcome is no, than his material or event is only equivalent to ERPTS when the grade of the ERPTS learning outcome is also no.
If all learning outcomes are at least equivalent to the ERPTS the material or event comes to be equivalent to the ERPTS.
To test the proposed mechanism, we compared both training material and training events of project partners to the ERPTS (WD 5.4). This test showed that the proposed mechanism is a very useful instrument.
To make the evaluation as efficient as possible, we suggest performing the mechanism as a self-assessment. The develop method can be used with any kind of descriptions, so also the descriptions of the terminology of the levels of EQF can be used. The learning outcomes of ERPTS are already described in the terminology of the levels of EQF (WP4).
Evaluation of training providers
Training providers can be evaluated based on 16 significant quality criteria divided in general criteria, organisational criteria and criteria for courses with an exam (WD5.3). As a test some partners evaluated themselves and reported whether they fulfilled all or only a few of the 16 quality criteria. When they fulfil all the 16 quality criteria, they equal the proposed quality standard for training providers. This test showed that the proposed mechanism is a very useful instrument (WD 5.4).
Full details are provided in the four deliverables of this WP:
- WD5.1: Methodology and quality assurance protocol for comparison and evaluation of training material
- WD5.2: Methodology and quality assurance protocol for comparison and of training events
- WD5.3: Methodology and quality assurance protocol for comparison and evaluation of training providers
- WD5.4: Application of the defined mechanisms to some examples of training material, providers and events.
WP6: Creation of a database of training events and training providers
WP6 creates a database of training event and providers conform to the agreed standards. The database will be made public through the ENETRAP-II website and is thus available for all interested parties. Such a move would add credibility to the recognition process and would help to provide reassurance to RPE candidates and to employers that the training obtained satisfies an agreed European standard. This database will also incorporate an overview of institutes hosting on-the-job-training possibilities. Special attention will also be given to internships in the stakeholders' organisations, with emphasis on coaching and/or mentoring schemes, whenever appropriate. A link will be made with the existing ENEN database. It is obvious that the courses organised by or at the premises of the partners can be taken as first examples. Examples of training courses that will be introduced are:
- (for Belgium) course for RPE (in Dutch and French);
- (for UK) modular RP Training Scheme (RPTS) specifically targeted at new and developing RPEs;
- (for Germany) Occupational RP: Specificities of Waste Management and Decommissioning WP6 focused on the development of a database (DB) to collect the main European E&T (E&T) events in RP (RP), as well as information about the E&T providers. In addition, also on-the-job (OJT) training opportunities are listed, together with information on the research centre, university, hospital, or any other company that hosts the OJT position.
From a technical point of view, the database is set up in three important parts (modules):
- Storage of information related to E&T providers and E&T events, and the roles associated to the management of access and editing by national contact points (NCP), the global coordinator (GC) and other users.
- A maintenance module is developed in such a way that the system gives easy access to the different roles and e-mail notifications are foreseen to make sure the information is updated on a regular basis.
- The web search module is foreseen to allow the end-user to find the required information in an efficient and easy way.
The DB also foresees in a field where information can be found regarding the comparison of the presented training course to the European Reference Training Scheme for RPEs, developed in WP4. The comparison method used, is developed and described in WP5. The DB is based on a web access, and is structured in such a way that the users can do their searches through different easy mechanisms (a search box, a filtered search by different criteria, a search through a calendar, etc.).
The categories included in the DB are: E&T providers and E&T events. The database also takes special attention over the internships in the stakeholders' organisations, with emphasis on coaching and/or mentoring schemes, whenever appropriate.
The events included in the DB are focused on RPE, RPO and EW, and apply to different kind of training programs like Initial, refresh, specialisation, on the job training (OJT) program and others, and the training could be organised as different type event: courses/masters, workshop and opportunities (grants, PhD topics, job offers).
The DB can be accessed via http://enetrap.ciemat.es and will soon after the closing of the ENETRAP-II project be transferred to the EUTERP Foundation. Access will be available through www.euterp.eu.
Further to this short summary, more detailed information regarding the development and use of the database can be found in the following documents:
- WD6.1: REPORT on training events and training providers. Degree of conformity with the agreed standards.
- WD6.2: REPORT about EU-wide database of training events and training providers on RP according the standard developed in WP3 and WP4.
- Users guide to facilitate the use of the DB and the CD containing the installation and configuration of the process.
WP7: Development of some course material examples (text book, e/b-learning module)
Providing examples of standardised training material meeting the requirements of the European RP Training Scheme (ERPTS) was the main goal of the deliverables of WP7 of ENETRAP-II.
WP4 establishes the reference standard for RPE Training (ERPTS). The smallest structure of this training scheme is a module and the 'common basis' part is made up of 3 modules. To issue standardised training material, we decided to start working on the 'common basis' part and especially on its first module. Even if the conclusions of WP4 (ERPTS of RPE) were essential for the project, the training material has also to deal with conclusions of WP2 (Background of RPE) and WP3 (Background and ERPTS of RPO). Taking all these points into consideration, it has been decided that the final training material will be made up of a textbook, and a complementary cyber book. The ergonomics of a textbook allowing the reader to have a complete idea of the content at a glance, and the power of dematerialised resources used in an educational goal through a cyber-book, are combined to create optimised training material.
The first step and main work consisted of the development of the detailed content in order to meet the learning outcomes. A study of 'RP' publications of the past 10 years confirmed the idea of using the book 'Principes de radioprotection-réglementation' (recently published and coordinated by C. Jimonet and H. Metivier) as a starting point for the textbook project, mainly for its highly pedagogical approach. To fit with the RPE training scheme, six chapters have been developed: 1. Radioactivity and nuclear physics, 2.
Interaction of radiation with matter, 3. Dosimetry, 4. Biological effects of radiation, 5. Physical principles of detection, 6. Applications of ionising radiation (overview). The road map given to the authors was: to write with a very progressive approach for the learner, introducing topics step by step with a lot of examples, a lot of exercises, and at the end, allowing the reader himself to evaluate himself his progression in the knowledge of the module. The result is a homogeneous textbook that completely covers the ERPTS learning outcomes.
As mentioned before, a cyber-book will also be part of the whole training material to develop the concept of 'learning more'. Based on an integrative approach, we have selected a learning and content management system (LMS/CMS) able to manage several types of embedded educational resources. After assessment of several Leaning Management Systems, the Moodle platform has been selected. In order to insert complementary pedagogical resources in the cyber-book, specific ENETRAP-II web pages have been created (see http://www.rpe-training.eu/login/index.php online). This summary of the cyber book is organised in the same 6 chapters of the textbook. As an example of the complement between the two pedagogical resources, we can name the topic 'radionuclide's chart' whose explanation and use are developed in chapter 1 'Radioactivity and nuclear physics' of the cyber book whereas the concept is just mentioned in the textbook.
To take advantage of the new technologies which allow learners to access different types of resources and choose those that suit them, we are interested in the following resources: hypertext links and/or flash code, exercises with solutions, b-learning (.ppt soundtrack with video), audio podcasts, serious games and RP forums. Up to now, we have worked on synchronised PowerPoint files (b-learning) based on the shooting of a pilot session course on RP at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany (WP8). We have also developed serious games related to dose exposure and dose rate calculation in which the virtual dose rate meters design used is the same as the one used in real situations in nuclear power plants or installations. Such pedagogical tools are very powerful with the learner moving in a virtual environment picturing the real professional one.
In conclusion, the production of the module 1 'common basis' training material in the combined form of a textbook plus cyber book is a first step. In the next ones, collaboration is needed to complete at least the whole 'common basis' training resources, and then progressively tackle the themes of the specialised modules as described in WP4.
WP8: Organise pilot sessions, test proposed methodologies and monitor the training scheme effectiveness
In the first phase of WP8, suitable existing courses for pilot sessions of the European RP Training Scheme ERPTS for RPE were identified. A remodelled 3 to 4-week radioisotope training was finally chosen, which included the common basis modules 'Basics', 'Foundation' and 'Occupational RP' and the optional module 'Unsealed Sources, Research and Non-Nuclear'.
In order to organise pilot sessions (WD8.1) advertisement activities were taken. Learning Outcomes (LO) of the modules were defined in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude. A training program conforming to the reference standard and the proposed methodologies was developed jointly with JRC/ITU as main participants provider. Special emphasis was put on laboratory exercises and technical visits on ITU practice-oriented topics.
The pilot sessions in March 2011 at the Karlsruhe Training Centre were followed by 9 participants from 8 different EU countries.
The evaluation of the effectiveness of the training scheme (WD8.2) was done through assessment of the LOs mainly for knowledge and skills. The success of the course was additionally evaluated by questionnaires directly at the end and as follow-up.
The following major conclusions could be drawn and recommendations made to other WPs as feedback:
- The modular RPE pilot training events, conforming to the agreed standards, were successful and highly appreciated. The ERPTS with its proposed modules and topics has turned out as being effective.
- Defining LOs as proposed has proven to be straightforward and represented an effective tool for learning assessment.
- Training of skills and attitude (through laboratory exercises, workshops and technical visits) was highly welcomed.
- Effective advertisement represents an important item for successful training organisation. Defining training agreements with the end-user was an additional motivation to send participants.
- However, it has been stated by participants and employers that international training events for RPE can only be attractive when endorsed and/or mutually recognised certificates, stamps or credit points are available.
Two other pilot modules ('NORM' and 'Medical Domain') were considered for action but could not be realised for different reasons. A complete set of basic and specialised modules for RPE being recognised and accredited by the relevant authorities (e.g. HERCA) would be of utmost benefit for the Member States in the future.
WP9: Introduction of the training passport and mutual recognition system of RPEs
The introduction of the training passport and mutual recognition system of RPEs is based on the development of a framework and a procedure for the mutual recognition of RPEs. The basis for the recognition is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes/competences as they have been defined in a reference standard. The recognition therefore applies both to the individual RPE and to the curriculum providing the learning outcomes to the individual and their validation. Three deliverables have been defined to achieve this objective.
A procedure has been developed for the mutual recognition and qualification of RPE E&T programmes. The qualification relies on the assessment of the content of the courses and training sessions with respect to the reference syllabus of learning outcomes developed under WP 4. The procedure allows for a self-assessment by the training provider following the comparison tools developed under WP5. In addition to the content of the courses and the training sessions, the organisation and the delivery of the course material to the candidate RPEs by the provider is evaluated with respect to a quality management reference. The report on the self-assessment and on the quality audit is submitted to and evaluated by an international body, composed by a selection of EUTERP members and regulatory bodies. This body delivers the qualification of the provider/course combination which entails its recognition as a component of the RPE qualification throughout the European Union (EU).
Concerning the mutual recognition of RPEs, no actual tests were performed by the WP leader. Mechanisms need to be put forward, and a strong collaboration with HERCA and EUTERP needs to be set up. Although not being able to perform this task within the ENETRAP-II project, it is of utmost importance and will give added value to the mobility of RPEs in Europe. The core of the ENETRAP-II consortium is looking into possibilities to continue this work, building further on the other ENETRAP-II results, but unfortunately outside of its time frame.
Different approaches to a European passport of competences have been evaluated. The most promising tool because of its recognition and use already by some industrial stakeholders and its simplicity and clarity of the information seems to be the Europass Curriculum Vitae (CV). The report describes the approaches and the advantages and drawbacks of the different models. The Europass is a document with annexed certificates provided by the individual. It has no independent validation of the provided information. Nevertheless it is widely accepted throughout the EU as a standard format for CVs.
WP10: Collaboration for building new innovative generations of specialists in RP
This small WP was added to the project in order to draw attention to the attraction of young students and early-stage researchers into RP. Suggestions were made to create a website to attract young people. In addition, and more concretely, student exchanges were organised between Romania and France. They have taken some action related to the 'RP circus', a French initiative (see http://www.rpcirkus.org online for further details).
Please find the complete description, including figures and tables, attached in the Publishable Summary with reference: Publishable_Summary_Description_Main_S_T_Result_and_Foregrounds_Final_Report_ENETRAP-II.pdf
Potential impact:
The results of ENETRAP-II are of importance to all who are involved in E&T in RP, and specifically useful to national authorities dealing with recognition of RPEs.
Specifically towards the RPE and the national authorities that will recognise the RPE, ENETRAP-II has given a reference European training scheme for RPE training, based on the revised European basic safety standards (currently still in draft but expected to be published in 2013). The training scheme also puts forward the expected learning outcomes, in terms of knowledge, skills and competences following the guidelines of the ECVET system. In addition, it has given a methodology for comparison of existing national training schemes to the European reference training scheme, this to facilitate the recognition process and limit the re-training that needs to be done when an RPE would ask for a recognition in another country. In other words, the outcome of ENETRAP-II contributes to the mobility of RPEs.
Together with the introduction of a training password, the basic mechanisms for mutual recognition are proposed.
ENETRAP-II has also studied the situation for the RPO. No formal recognition is requested for RPO, however, guidance is given for training of RPO in order to introduce a common European approach. The number of RPOs in Europe is vast and they are employed in various fields of application of ionising radiation. Therefore, the training requirements are also diverse. ENETRAP-II has given examples for a few very concrete application fields like:
(a) handling of radioactive materials and practices on installations producing ionising radiation (incl. accelerators and cyclotrons);
(b) medicine, dentistry;
(c) operation of x-ray equipment (technical, medical (without patients), veterinary medicine);
(d) RPO in nuclear power plants / research reactors.
Next to the development of training schemes, ENETRAP-II has also conducted some training courses (pilot sessions of the ENETRAP training scheme), and has developed training material to be used in RP training. A traditional textbook is accompanied by additional information, exercises, etc., that can be consulted via a cyber-book. This approach is introduced for the first time at this level.
To give the end users and the training providers a good overview of all training courses and possibilities for apprenticeships, a database was developed. Next to a collection of all training courses, this database also prepared for the possibility to inform about the comparison of the course to the European training scheme; this gives an added value when a future RPE is looking for a suitable course. In order to be able to consult this valuable information also after the project end date, the database will be transferred to the EUTERP website.
The analysis of the work carried out in the different WPs also pointed out some issues to be tackled in the future. For example, it became very clear that the organisation of a training course at European level is of minor added value when no guarantee can be given that the course is also formally recognised by the authorities involved. Future work needs to be done on this recognition system. In addition, the effective implementation of mutual recognition still needs to be tested.
The activities and results of ENETRAP-II were presented and discussed at various national and international workshops and conferences. A list is given in attachment. Specifically the discussions held at the EUTERP workshop, where all relevant stakeholders were present, and the feedback received from the members of the ENETRAP-II AB, ensures the ENETRAP-II consortium of the quality of the project outcome and the applicability of it in the next few years.
List of websites: http://enetrap2.sckcen.be/
Radiation protection (RP) is a major challenge in the industrial applications of ionising radiation, both nuclear and non-nuclear, as well as in other areas such as the medical and research area.
Within this perspective, maintaining a high level of competency in RP is crucial to ensure current and future safe use of ionising radiation and the development of new technologies in a safe way. Moreover, the perceived growth in the different application fields requires a high level of understanding of RP in order to protect workers, the public and the environment of the potential risks. A sustainable education and training (E&T) infrastructure for RP is an essential component to combat the decline in expertise and to ensure the availability of a high level of RP knowledge which can meet the demands in the future.
In addition to the concern of maintaining and expanding a competent workforce, the mutual recognition between Members States of functions like the one of the RP expert (RPE) becomes crucial in a world of dynamic markets and increasing workers' mobility. Today's challenge is the creation of a training environment, tools, and comparison mechanisms which satisfies all Member State needs, and which allows for easy and straightforward mutual recognition of the RP professionals involved.
ENETRAP-II developed the European reference training scheme for RPEs and RP officers (RPOs), complying with specific requirements stipulated in the European basic safety standards, and taking into account European approaches in E&T such as the European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET) and European Qualifications Framework (EQF) principles. This development takes into account the existing provisions and the needs expressed by the stakeholders in the different Member States. Next to this, ENETRAP-II developed accompanying training material to support the training of RPEs and RPOs, and conducted some pilot sessions. In order to inform all stakeholders about the different initiatives in RP E&T, a database was developed carrying all information regarding courses, traineeship possibilities, E&T providers etc. on one centralised place.
In addition, the mutual recognition of RPEs in Europe was studied. A suggestion was made for the introduction of a European Training Passport, and mechanisms to compare training materials and providers to facilitate mutual recognition were established.
Project context and objectives:
The overall objective of ENETRAP-II is to develop European high-quality 'reference standards' and good practices for training in RP, specifically with respect to the RPE and the RPO. These 'standards' will reflect the needs of the RPE and the RPO in all sectors where ionising radiation is applied (nuclear industry, medical sector, research, non-nuclear industry).
Development of comparison methods for training courses and the introduction of a RP training passport as a mean to facilitate efficient and transparent European mutual recognition is another ultimate deliverable of this project. Furthermore, attention is given to encouragement of young, early-stage researchers. In order to meet future needs, it is necessary to attract more young people by awaking their interest in radiation applications and RP already during their schooldays and later on during their out-of-school education (university or vocational E&T).
Specific objectives of the project are:
(i) to develop the European RP reference training scheme (ERPTS) for RPE training;
(ii) to develop a European reference standard for RPO training;
(iii) to develop and apply a mechanism for the evaluation of training material, courses and providers;
(iv) to establish a recognised and sustainable ERPTS 'quality label' for training events;
(v) to create a database of training events and training providers (including on-the-job-training) conforming to the agreed ERPTS;
(vi) to bring together national initiatives to attract early-stage RP researchers on a European level;
(vii) to develop some course material examples, including modern tools such as e-learning;
(viii) to develop a system for monitoring the effectiveness of the ERPTS;
(ix) to organise pilot sessions of specific modules of the ERPTS and monitor the effectiveness according to the developed system;
(x) the development of a European passport for continuous professional development in RP.
The outcome of this project is instrumental for the cooperation between regulators, training providers and customers (nuclear industry, medical sector, research and non-nuclear industry) in reaching harmonisation of the requirements for, and the E&T of RPEs and RPOs within Europe, and stimulates building competence and career development in RP to meet the demands of the future.
Project results:
In order to achieve the ENETRAP-II objectives mentioned earlier, the project defined the following work packages (WPs):
- WP1: Coordination of the project
- WP2: Define requirements and methodology for recognition of RPEs
- WP3: Define requirements for RPO competencies and establish guidance for appropriate RPO training
- WP4: Establish the reference standard for RPE training
- WP5: Development and apply mechanisms for the evaluation of training material, events and providers
- WP6: Create a database of training events and training providers (including OJT) conforming to the agreed standard
- WP7: Develop of some course material examples (text book, e-learning modules)
- WP8: Organise pilot sessions, test proposed methodologies and monitor the training scheme effectiveness
- WP9: Introduction of the training passport and mutual recognition system of RPEs
- WP10: Collaboration for building new innovative generations of specialists in RP.
In the following paragraphs, a summary of the achievements is given. More details of the work performed in ENETRAP-II can be found in the different reports delivered.
WP1: Coordination of the project
Regarding the coordination of the project, as foreseen in Annex I, the coordinator took several actions.
- Immediately after the start of the project, a consortium agreement was set up and signed by all parties.
- A steering committee (SC), consisting of a representative of each partner, was set up. In total, eight SC meetings were held during the total duration of the project. They were prepared and chaired by the coordinator, afterwards also the minutes of the meeting were prepared by the coordinator. During SC meetings, the overall progress of the project was discussed, and necessary actions were discussed and taken in order to meet the pre-set goals. In addition, the project actions were adapted to the new standards and guidelines in the E&T community, for example the introduction of the ECVET principles.
- An advisory board (AB) was set up, with representatives of relevant stakeholders with regard to the aim of the project. The AB consisted of representatives of HERCA, EUTERP, Art. 31 group of experts, Directorate-General (DG) for Energy of the European Commission (EC), International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), European Federation of Organisations in Medical Physics (EFOMP), ECVET. The AB met three times during the total duration of the project. The main task of the AB was to reflect and advice on the project actions and results.
- The project results were disseminated by the partners through participation to several national and international workshops and conferences. In addition, a dedicated ENETRAP-II session was embedded in the EUTERP workshop of 2011.
- A website was set up (see http://www.sckcen.be/enetrap2 online), and updated on a regular basis during the project. The website consists of a public and private part, the latter being used by the members of the SC to exchange information and files. Currently, the public part contains the final version of the main deliverables of ENETRAP-II.
WP2: Define the requirements and methodology for the recognition of RPEs
The primary focus of the ENETRAP-II project has been the development of European reference standards for E&T in RP, however, the status conferred by that training, for example that of RPE (as defined in the current draft of the revised European basic safety standards) has also been considered.
The requirements for formal recognition of RPEs and development of proposed methodologies for recognition on both national and international, i.e. mutual recognition between Member States have been addressed within WP2. The specific outcomes of this work can be summarised as follows:
Criteria for RPE recognition
Criteria for RPE recognition were developed following consultation with relevant stakeholder groups, that is regulators / regulatory bodies, RP professional bodies and training providers. In this consultation exercise proposals for the core criteria for recognition were presented in a discussion document and identified contacts were asked to agree / disagree and to give their views. The broad matters addressed were:
(a) the aspects to be considered in the recognition process;
(b) the criteria (within those aspects) to be satisfied; and
(c) the essential components of a recognition scheme.
The detail of the responses from the consultation exercise included in the first report from WP2 (March 2010) as are the resulting proposed criteria for RPE competence: criteria are specified for background education, knowledge / understanding of topics in a reference syllabus, knowledge of operational RP, ability to develop and provide advice and required experience. A proposal for the operation of national schemes for RPE recognition is also included in the first report.
Mutual recognition
A general concept for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications exists within the EU. This is aimed primarily at those who are qualified to practice their profession in one Member State and wish to have that qualification recognised in another in order to practice the same profession there. This concept is clearly applicable to RPEs within the EU. Building on the work done during the first phase of WP2, key requirements for recognition of RPEs on an international (Member States) basis was developed and guidance as to how the process of mutual recognition could work in practice was drafted. In developing the criteria for mutual recognition each of the 5 core components for initial RPE Recognition was considered on the basis of whether or not the component was transferable, i.e. not impacted by the country in which the RPE might wish to work. In all cases the outcome was 'yes', although it became clear that some minor additional components such as knowledge of the legislation in the new country and confirmation of fluency in the language in which the RPE might have to provide advice should be required.
Full details are provided in the Final Report of WP2.
WP3: Requirements for RPOs
The concept of RPO is being used since many years, but was only recently taken up in the draft of the revised Euratom Basic Safety Standards (Euratom BSS), based on the advice of EUTERP and the ENETRAP 6FP Consortium. Depending on the complexity of the radiation application and the associated RP tasks, RPOs, as defined in the draft Euratom BSS, need appropriate training in RP and a certain level of work experience tailored to the specific needs to fulfil particular RP tasks.
It is therefore essential, on the European level:
(i) to define the required competences for RPO according to their area of work and specific RP tasks; and
(ii) to propose references for content and mechanisms for delivery of RPO training.
In order to define requirements for RPO competencies, the role of RPO has been considered on the European level. It should be noted that, other than the issues of general competency and suitability, there is no prescription on the European or international level of the 'specification' of the individual acting as RPO. The appropriate route to gaining the level of competence required to become an RPO will be a combination of training plus relevant experience in the appropriate area of work.
In this WP, the main areas of RPO work are considered and examples of appropriate training contents are given, divided into professional categories or competence groups, covering the following areas:
(a) handling of radioactive materials and practices on installations producing ionising radiation (incl. accelerators and cyclotrons);
(b) medicine, dentistry;
(c) operation of x-ray equipment (technical, medical (without patients), veterinary medicine);
(d) RPO in nuclear power plants/research reactors.
The European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the European Credit system for Vocational E&T (ECVET) are considered as useful tools in building competence of RPO within Europe. Examples of knowledge, skills and competence elements for various EQF levels are given which may be further developed to fit existing RPO training activities.
Full details are provided in the WP3 reports WD 3.1 (Requirements for RPO competencies), and WD 3.2 (Establishment of European guidance on the content and mechanisms for delivery of RPO training), available on the ENETRAP-II website.
WP4: Establishment of the reference standards for RPE training
The work proposed in WP4 of ENETRAP-II is the development of the European reference training scheme for the RPE. During the development of this work, and due to evolution in the European context of Vocational E&T (VET), we also sought to incorporate the ECVET approach (European Credit for Vocational E&T) and established learning outcomes (LO) associated to competences.
The reference training scheme is based on the preliminary ENETRAP training scheme developed at the end of the ENETRAP 6FP project. This training scheme was set up on the basis of already developed 'model' courses like the PGEC (IAEA) and the Saclay-based ERPC, and was agreed upon by the main stakeholders in RP E&T via the EUTERP workshops. Within ENETRAP-II, we have further developed the reference training scheme to the model that is presented below, consisting of a core unit to be followed by all RPE, and specialised units, to be attended depending on the working environment of the RPE. The list of specialised units should be seen as non-exhaustive. This dynamic list of specialised training modules is still expanding, and is being further developed with for example organisations such as EURADOS and EAN.
In addition, learning outcomes are defined. For the modules 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, in total 413 LO's (166 associated to knowledge, 156 associated to skills and 91 associated to attitudes) were defined. These were selected on the basis of the experience of the partner institutions, and also through interviews with leading RPEs from industry, the medical sector and training providers external to the project Consortium.
Facing the large number of competences and LO's, we also developed a prototype of a tool that can serve as management system for nuclear competences (currently developed in MS Access). However, the need for a specialised tool remains. This tool allows for adding, deleting, duplicating and moving competences and / or LO's and aims to introduce a common language regarding LO's, facilitating a common methodology and the same level of detail in the whole of the nuclear E&T projects (in RP, waste management, nuclear engineering, safety culture). In this way, we also hope to reduce the difficulties and complexity currently perceived in implementing ECVET in nuclear.
Full details regarding the European reference training scheme for RPE, and the accompanying Learning Outcomes, are provided in the final report of this WP: 'WD 4.2.: Define requirements and methodology for recognition of RPEs', available on the project website.
WP5: Develop and apply mechanisms for the evaluation of training material, events and providers
Within the ENETRAP-II project we also aimed to facilitate the evaluation of training material and events, so that each provider can compare his material or event to the European reference RP training scheme (ERPTS), developed in WP4. Furthermore WP5 has developed a few quality criteria that can be used as a European quality standard for training providers. If a training provider fulfils all these quality criteria he equals the European quality standard.
Evaluation of training material and training events
The evaluation of training material (WD 5.1) and events (WD 5.2) is based on the evaluation of learning outcomes in three different categories: knowledge, skills and competences. The provider who wants to compare his training material or event with the ERPTS starts with writing down the learning outcomes of his material or event in the different categories knowledge, skills and competences. The second step is to describe the goal of his learning outcomes and give the right indicator of Table 1 to his knowledge based learning outcomes and give the right indicator of Table 2 to his skills or competence based learning outcomes. Within the ENETRAP-II project this first and second step was carried out for the ERPTS, developed in WP4.
The last step of the evaluation process is to compare the descriptor of each learning outcome of his material or event to that of the ERPTS. When the number of the descriptor of the knowledge based learning outcome of his material or event is equal or higher than that of the ERPTS, the material or event comes to be equivalent to the ERPTS.
When the grade of the descriptor of the skill or competence based learning outcomes of his material or event is 'yes', than his material or event is at least equal to that of ERPTS. When the grade of the descriptor of the skill or competence based learning outcome is no, than his material or event is only equivalent to ERPTS when the grade of the ERPTS learning outcome is also no.
If all learning outcomes are at least equivalent to the ERPTS the material or event comes to be equivalent to the ERPTS.
To test the proposed mechanism, we compared both training material and training events of project partners to the ERPTS (WD 5.4). This test showed that the proposed mechanism is a very useful instrument.
To make the evaluation as efficient as possible, we suggest performing the mechanism as a self-assessment. The develop method can be used with any kind of descriptions, so also the descriptions of the terminology of the levels of EQF can be used. The learning outcomes of ERPTS are already described in the terminology of the levels of EQF (WP4).
Evaluation of training providers
Training providers can be evaluated based on 16 significant quality criteria divided in general criteria, organisational criteria and criteria for courses with an exam (WD5.3). As a test some partners evaluated themselves and reported whether they fulfilled all or only a few of the 16 quality criteria. When they fulfil all the 16 quality criteria, they equal the proposed quality standard for training providers. This test showed that the proposed mechanism is a very useful instrument (WD 5.4).
Full details are provided in the four deliverables of this WP:
- WD5.1: Methodology and quality assurance protocol for comparison and evaluation of training material
- WD5.2: Methodology and quality assurance protocol for comparison and of training events
- WD5.3: Methodology and quality assurance protocol for comparison and evaluation of training providers
- WD5.4: Application of the defined mechanisms to some examples of training material, providers and events.
WP6: Creation of a database of training events and training providers
WP6 creates a database of training event and providers conform to the agreed standards. The database will be made public through the ENETRAP-II website and is thus available for all interested parties. Such a move would add credibility to the recognition process and would help to provide reassurance to RPE candidates and to employers that the training obtained satisfies an agreed European standard. This database will also incorporate an overview of institutes hosting on-the-job-training possibilities. Special attention will also be given to internships in the stakeholders' organisations, with emphasis on coaching and/or mentoring schemes, whenever appropriate. A link will be made with the existing ENEN database. It is obvious that the courses organised by or at the premises of the partners can be taken as first examples. Examples of training courses that will be introduced are:
- (for Belgium) course for RPE (in Dutch and French);
- (for UK) modular RP Training Scheme (RPTS) specifically targeted at new and developing RPEs;
- (for Germany) Occupational RP: Specificities of Waste Management and Decommissioning WP6 focused on the development of a database (DB) to collect the main European E&T (E&T) events in RP (RP), as well as information about the E&T providers. In addition, also on-the-job (OJT) training opportunities are listed, together with information on the research centre, university, hospital, or any other company that hosts the OJT position.
From a technical point of view, the database is set up in three important parts (modules):
- Storage of information related to E&T providers and E&T events, and the roles associated to the management of access and editing by national contact points (NCP), the global coordinator (GC) and other users.
- A maintenance module is developed in such a way that the system gives easy access to the different roles and e-mail notifications are foreseen to make sure the information is updated on a regular basis.
- The web search module is foreseen to allow the end-user to find the required information in an efficient and easy way.
The DB also foresees in a field where information can be found regarding the comparison of the presented training course to the European Reference Training Scheme for RPEs, developed in WP4. The comparison method used, is developed and described in WP5. The DB is based on a web access, and is structured in such a way that the users can do their searches through different easy mechanisms (a search box, a filtered search by different criteria, a search through a calendar, etc.).
The categories included in the DB are: E&T providers and E&T events. The database also takes special attention over the internships in the stakeholders' organisations, with emphasis on coaching and/or mentoring schemes, whenever appropriate.
The events included in the DB are focused on RPE, RPO and EW, and apply to different kind of training programs like Initial, refresh, specialisation, on the job training (OJT) program and others, and the training could be organised as different type event: courses/masters, workshop and opportunities (grants, PhD topics, job offers).
The DB can be accessed via http://enetrap.ciemat.es and will soon after the closing of the ENETRAP-II project be transferred to the EUTERP Foundation. Access will be available through www.euterp.eu.
Further to this short summary, more detailed information regarding the development and use of the database can be found in the following documents:
- WD6.1: REPORT on training events and training providers. Degree of conformity with the agreed standards.
- WD6.2: REPORT about EU-wide database of training events and training providers on RP according the standard developed in WP3 and WP4.
- Users guide to facilitate the use of the DB and the CD containing the installation and configuration of the process.
WP7: Development of some course material examples (text book, e/b-learning module)
Providing examples of standardised training material meeting the requirements of the European RP Training Scheme (ERPTS) was the main goal of the deliverables of WP7 of ENETRAP-II.
WP4 establishes the reference standard for RPE Training (ERPTS). The smallest structure of this training scheme is a module and the 'common basis' part is made up of 3 modules. To issue standardised training material, we decided to start working on the 'common basis' part and especially on its first module. Even if the conclusions of WP4 (ERPTS of RPE) were essential for the project, the training material has also to deal with conclusions of WP2 (Background of RPE) and WP3 (Background and ERPTS of RPO). Taking all these points into consideration, it has been decided that the final training material will be made up of a textbook, and a complementary cyber book. The ergonomics of a textbook allowing the reader to have a complete idea of the content at a glance, and the power of dematerialised resources used in an educational goal through a cyber-book, are combined to create optimised training material.
The first step and main work consisted of the development of the detailed content in order to meet the learning outcomes. A study of 'RP' publications of the past 10 years confirmed the idea of using the book 'Principes de radioprotection-réglementation' (recently published and coordinated by C. Jimonet and H. Metivier) as a starting point for the textbook project, mainly for its highly pedagogical approach. To fit with the RPE training scheme, six chapters have been developed: 1. Radioactivity and nuclear physics, 2.
Interaction of radiation with matter, 3. Dosimetry, 4. Biological effects of radiation, 5. Physical principles of detection, 6. Applications of ionising radiation (overview). The road map given to the authors was: to write with a very progressive approach for the learner, introducing topics step by step with a lot of examples, a lot of exercises, and at the end, allowing the reader himself to evaluate himself his progression in the knowledge of the module. The result is a homogeneous textbook that completely covers the ERPTS learning outcomes.
As mentioned before, a cyber-book will also be part of the whole training material to develop the concept of 'learning more'. Based on an integrative approach, we have selected a learning and content management system (LMS/CMS) able to manage several types of embedded educational resources. After assessment of several Leaning Management Systems, the Moodle platform has been selected. In order to insert complementary pedagogical resources in the cyber-book, specific ENETRAP-II web pages have been created (see http://www.rpe-training.eu/login/index.php online). This summary of the cyber book is organised in the same 6 chapters of the textbook. As an example of the complement between the two pedagogical resources, we can name the topic 'radionuclide's chart' whose explanation and use are developed in chapter 1 'Radioactivity and nuclear physics' of the cyber book whereas the concept is just mentioned in the textbook.
To take advantage of the new technologies which allow learners to access different types of resources and choose those that suit them, we are interested in the following resources: hypertext links and/or flash code, exercises with solutions, b-learning (.ppt soundtrack with video), audio podcasts, serious games and RP forums. Up to now, we have worked on synchronised PowerPoint files (b-learning) based on the shooting of a pilot session course on RP at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany (WP8). We have also developed serious games related to dose exposure and dose rate calculation in which the virtual dose rate meters design used is the same as the one used in real situations in nuclear power plants or installations. Such pedagogical tools are very powerful with the learner moving in a virtual environment picturing the real professional one.
In conclusion, the production of the module 1 'common basis' training material in the combined form of a textbook plus cyber book is a first step. In the next ones, collaboration is needed to complete at least the whole 'common basis' training resources, and then progressively tackle the themes of the specialised modules as described in WP4.
WP8: Organise pilot sessions, test proposed methodologies and monitor the training scheme effectiveness
In the first phase of WP8, suitable existing courses for pilot sessions of the European RP Training Scheme ERPTS for RPE were identified. A remodelled 3 to 4-week radioisotope training was finally chosen, which included the common basis modules 'Basics', 'Foundation' and 'Occupational RP' and the optional module 'Unsealed Sources, Research and Non-Nuclear'.
In order to organise pilot sessions (WD8.1) advertisement activities were taken. Learning Outcomes (LO) of the modules were defined in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude. A training program conforming to the reference standard and the proposed methodologies was developed jointly with JRC/ITU as main participants provider. Special emphasis was put on laboratory exercises and technical visits on ITU practice-oriented topics.
The pilot sessions in March 2011 at the Karlsruhe Training Centre were followed by 9 participants from 8 different EU countries.
The evaluation of the effectiveness of the training scheme (WD8.2) was done through assessment of the LOs mainly for knowledge and skills. The success of the course was additionally evaluated by questionnaires directly at the end and as follow-up.
The following major conclusions could be drawn and recommendations made to other WPs as feedback:
- The modular RPE pilot training events, conforming to the agreed standards, were successful and highly appreciated. The ERPTS with its proposed modules and topics has turned out as being effective.
- Defining LOs as proposed has proven to be straightforward and represented an effective tool for learning assessment.
- Training of skills and attitude (through laboratory exercises, workshops and technical visits) was highly welcomed.
- Effective advertisement represents an important item for successful training organisation. Defining training agreements with the end-user was an additional motivation to send participants.
- However, it has been stated by participants and employers that international training events for RPE can only be attractive when endorsed and/or mutually recognised certificates, stamps or credit points are available.
Two other pilot modules ('NORM' and 'Medical Domain') were considered for action but could not be realised for different reasons. A complete set of basic and specialised modules for RPE being recognised and accredited by the relevant authorities (e.g. HERCA) would be of utmost benefit for the Member States in the future.
WP9: Introduction of the training passport and mutual recognition system of RPEs
The introduction of the training passport and mutual recognition system of RPEs is based on the development of a framework and a procedure for the mutual recognition of RPEs. The basis for the recognition is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes/competences as they have been defined in a reference standard. The recognition therefore applies both to the individual RPE and to the curriculum providing the learning outcomes to the individual and their validation. Three deliverables have been defined to achieve this objective.
A procedure has been developed for the mutual recognition and qualification of RPE E&T programmes. The qualification relies on the assessment of the content of the courses and training sessions with respect to the reference syllabus of learning outcomes developed under WP 4. The procedure allows for a self-assessment by the training provider following the comparison tools developed under WP5. In addition to the content of the courses and the training sessions, the organisation and the delivery of the course material to the candidate RPEs by the provider is evaluated with respect to a quality management reference. The report on the self-assessment and on the quality audit is submitted to and evaluated by an international body, composed by a selection of EUTERP members and regulatory bodies. This body delivers the qualification of the provider/course combination which entails its recognition as a component of the RPE qualification throughout the European Union (EU).
Concerning the mutual recognition of RPEs, no actual tests were performed by the WP leader. Mechanisms need to be put forward, and a strong collaboration with HERCA and EUTERP needs to be set up. Although not being able to perform this task within the ENETRAP-II project, it is of utmost importance and will give added value to the mobility of RPEs in Europe. The core of the ENETRAP-II consortium is looking into possibilities to continue this work, building further on the other ENETRAP-II results, but unfortunately outside of its time frame.
Different approaches to a European passport of competences have been evaluated. The most promising tool because of its recognition and use already by some industrial stakeholders and its simplicity and clarity of the information seems to be the Europass Curriculum Vitae (CV). The report describes the approaches and the advantages and drawbacks of the different models. The Europass is a document with annexed certificates provided by the individual. It has no independent validation of the provided information. Nevertheless it is widely accepted throughout the EU as a standard format for CVs.
WP10: Collaboration for building new innovative generations of specialists in RP
This small WP was added to the project in order to draw attention to the attraction of young students and early-stage researchers into RP. Suggestions were made to create a website to attract young people. In addition, and more concretely, student exchanges were organised between Romania and France. They have taken some action related to the 'RP circus', a French initiative (see http://www.rpcirkus.org online for further details).
Please find the complete description, including figures and tables, attached in the Publishable Summary with reference: Publishable_Summary_Description_Main_S_T_Result_and_Foregrounds_Final_Report_ENETRAP-II.pdf
Potential impact:
The results of ENETRAP-II are of importance to all who are involved in E&T in RP, and specifically useful to national authorities dealing with recognition of RPEs.
Specifically towards the RPE and the national authorities that will recognise the RPE, ENETRAP-II has given a reference European training scheme for RPE training, based on the revised European basic safety standards (currently still in draft but expected to be published in 2013). The training scheme also puts forward the expected learning outcomes, in terms of knowledge, skills and competences following the guidelines of the ECVET system. In addition, it has given a methodology for comparison of existing national training schemes to the European reference training scheme, this to facilitate the recognition process and limit the re-training that needs to be done when an RPE would ask for a recognition in another country. In other words, the outcome of ENETRAP-II contributes to the mobility of RPEs.
Together with the introduction of a training password, the basic mechanisms for mutual recognition are proposed.
ENETRAP-II has also studied the situation for the RPO. No formal recognition is requested for RPO, however, guidance is given for training of RPO in order to introduce a common European approach. The number of RPOs in Europe is vast and they are employed in various fields of application of ionising radiation. Therefore, the training requirements are also diverse. ENETRAP-II has given examples for a few very concrete application fields like:
(a) handling of radioactive materials and practices on installations producing ionising radiation (incl. accelerators and cyclotrons);
(b) medicine, dentistry;
(c) operation of x-ray equipment (technical, medical (without patients), veterinary medicine);
(d) RPO in nuclear power plants / research reactors.
Next to the development of training schemes, ENETRAP-II has also conducted some training courses (pilot sessions of the ENETRAP training scheme), and has developed training material to be used in RP training. A traditional textbook is accompanied by additional information, exercises, etc., that can be consulted via a cyber-book. This approach is introduced for the first time at this level.
To give the end users and the training providers a good overview of all training courses and possibilities for apprenticeships, a database was developed. Next to a collection of all training courses, this database also prepared for the possibility to inform about the comparison of the course to the European training scheme; this gives an added value when a future RPE is looking for a suitable course. In order to be able to consult this valuable information also after the project end date, the database will be transferred to the EUTERP website.
The analysis of the work carried out in the different WPs also pointed out some issues to be tackled in the future. For example, it became very clear that the organisation of a training course at European level is of minor added value when no guarantee can be given that the course is also formally recognised by the authorities involved. Future work needs to be done on this recognition system. In addition, the effective implementation of mutual recognition still needs to be tested.
The activities and results of ENETRAP-II were presented and discussed at various national and international workshops and conferences. A list is given in attachment. Specifically the discussions held at the EUTERP workshop, where all relevant stakeholders were present, and the feedback received from the members of the ENETRAP-II AB, ensures the ENETRAP-II consortium of the quality of the project outcome and the applicability of it in the next few years.
List of websites: http://enetrap2.sckcen.be/
