Deliverables
Prepare a design document of the SG-RBCA, starting from existing RBCA design documents and platforms.
The UGOE group shall assess the determinability (‛invertibility’) of major hydrogeologic parameters (transport-effective values of fissure aperture and spacing, total frac volume, matrix porosity, frac-matrix interface area) from artificial-tracer signals detectable uphole, in flux mode, during flowback and production.
This postdoctoral project supervised by Prof. Andrew Curtis and Dr. Mark Chapman, undertaken by PDRA Erica Galetti, initially had the goals of analysing microseismicity distributions from actual fracking data, their correlations with production-related activity, and the extent to which anisotropy could be detectable in order to assess fracture orientations. A data set for this was in the university's possession in Edinburgh at the time of writing the proposal. Unfortunately by the time the PDRA was recruited, the data were not available for this purpose: the industrial owner of the data restricted their use. As a result, it was necessary to re-design the project for this PDRA. Remaining in the same general area of using Geophysics to detect subsurface information related to risk assessment of fracking operations, the following project was thought an appropriate replacement: during such operations the near-subsurface (depths of tens to low-hundreds of metres) is potentially at risk of pollution from escaping drilling fluids, reservoir fluids migrating up fracture networks, and by the escape of pollutants from the drilling and production platform or injection-water pool. To enable the near-subsurface to be monitored and concomitant pollution risks tracked over time, a new subsurface monitoring method is being developed and tested that uses electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to image the near surface. The key new feature of the method is that it is a fully nonlinear Monte Carlo method which for the first time produces reliable estimates of ERT uncertainty in subsurface properties. Reliable uncertainty estimates are necessary for pollution risk assessment, but to-date they have been unavailable. Hence, this new project direction makes a significant contribution to risk assessment of fracking operations.
the review in deliverable D7.2 will necessarily have to be continually updated throughout the life of the project and the final review delivered month 34.
Results of the application of the SG-RBCA to three sites in Europe
A series of batch reaction experiments using selected UK and European shale samples exposed to brine at reservoir temperature will be undertaken. This will allow the determination of the composition of produced water which will arise from these formations during Fracking. The study will investigate the factors inherent in the shales, such as mineralogy and organic content, which control the dissolved salts, heavy metals and radioactive element composition of the produced waters
Report on Hydro-geo-chemo-mechanical facies analysis relative to gas shale’s of key basins. Data will be assembled on the stress regimes, generic thicknesses of deposits, reservoir characteristics, depositional history, hydrocarbon quality, resource potential and natural faulting. The information will be used to provide a realistic framework for the Features Events and Processes characterization in WP 3, to focus the risk scenario work in WP4, and to provide realistic parametrical variations for the modelling investigation in WP5.
second official reporting in writing to the Commission, including establishing and maintaining financial records, coordination of payments and distribution of partner shares.
The analysis of various datasets coming from different well-known hydrocarbon provinces around the world, from within this project and available in the literature, will first aim at setting up operation recommendations depending on the scenarios developed in WP5, operations goals, and target formations.
The objective of this task is to ensure the availability of tools to model the long term fate of fracking fluids additives. The chemical interactions of the chemical additives the formation water and in situ rock minerals in the shale, nearby formations and shallow aquifers will be simulated by UU with the TOUGH-REACT code and by CSIC using CODEBRIGHT-RETRASO.
The chemical interactions of the chemical additives the formation water and in situ rock minerals in the shale, nearby formations and shallow aquifers will be simulated by UU with the TOUGH-REACT code and by CSIC using CODEBRIGHT-RETRASO
Analogue samples of shale from key formations in Europe (UK & Germany) will be selected, collected and fracked in unique poly-axial experimental apparatus at the University of Edinburgh. Samples with a diameter of 20 cm and length of 20 cm will be placed under in situ conditions of anisotropic stress, temperature, and fluid pressure. Injection will be simulated by including a central well in the sample, and fluid injected until the sample fracks.
Global sensitivity analyses techniques based will be employed to identify the key contribution of uncertain parameters to the overall uncertainty associated with predictions provided by each model tested.
Official reporting in writing every 18 months to the Commission, including establishing and maintaining financial records, coordination of payments and distribution of partner shares.
Uncertainty quantification requires a systematic categorization of the origin of uncertainty, thereby involving stochastic modelling approaches which include modern geostatistically based methodologies.
review existing monitoring techniques, and analyse methodological and technological extensions, studying the different conceivable network designs, and helping to optimise them.
Two sets of experiments will be undertaken; firstly to improve understanding of the response of a fracture network to changes in an anisotropic stress field in shale and secondly to simulate the actual act of fracking and development of a new fracture network under fluid pressure. Controlled fluid volumes will be injected at high pressure via an artificial “borehole” into these samples to simulate the fracking conditions expected. Analogue samples will be chosen which show various degrees of discontinuities or compositional heterogeneity. The development of the fracture network as a response to the fluid injection under anisotropic stress conditions in these samples will be monitored closely. The samples will then be analysed in detail to determine the location and geometry of the experimentally generated fracture network, and used to validate numerical models of the fracking process.
Legislation and regulatory practices of those member states with significant shale-gas reserves (United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Poland, Austria, Hungary and Romania ) will be collated and compared with each other, and with legislation from some of the other first-world countries with mature shale-gas industries. The main focus of the collation and review will be on how existing legislation recognizes and seeks to control risks arising from scientific uncertainty embedded in the shale-gas industry’s exploration and exploitation practices.
Results of the flow and transport simulations using the discrete fracture-network models, multi-continua models, and multi-scale approaches.
Development of (a) an original geostatistical scaling approach embedded in a stochastic modeling framework to quantify uncertainty associated with flow and transport predictions at multiple scales of observations; (b) a Bayesian methodology to quantify uncertainty associated with the use of different competing flow and transport models. The results from these theoretical settings will be directly compatible with the modelling tools developed in the project.
"WP6 uses only tracer species detectable on site in real time with standard field equipment. Their signals, first during flowback, next during gas flow, enable (I) multiple-frac inflow profiling, (II) quantifying matrix/fracture (as part of F) transport, (III) monitoring of EP (fig. # above), but require a spiking design and parameter inversion workflow."
Development and deployment of SG-RBCA
Based on the identification of the key risk combinations in task 3.1, the possible parametrical variations of key input variables within the six focused model scenarios will be characterised. These values will be based on an assessment of the different hydro‐geo‐chemical‐mechanical facies characteristics expected within the seven different shale gas basins already identified within Europe (WP2, D2.3). This ensures that events and processes occurring at different sites can be compared and contrasted against a common frame of reference, providing the basis for the construction of a structured knowledge base and generic risk assessment.
Official management reporting in writing will take place every 18 months to the Commission.
The works proposed here consists in the improvement of the GenMol code (subcontracted to the GenMol developers; coord. G. Pèpe, U. Marseille, France)1 in order to: 1) study the CH4 sorption capacity of the kerogen organic matter, 2) increase the model size in order to tackle discontinuities larger than 20 Å and 3) model the CH4 molecules motion in these discontinuities. The model will be run for a representative set of examples corresponding to the conditions prescribed in WP2. The results will be used to parameterize the macroscopic production modelling (WP3).
To improve the kerogen modeling and test the assumption (implicitly made in the presently used empirical models) of massive CH4 sorption on kerogen, it necessary to introduce other types of atomic and molecular entities trapped in the mass representation. First, the composition of standard kerogens found in such environment will be investigated from the literature, and then these structures will be implemented in the GenMol
Scientific recommendations for best practices to minimise the environmental footprint of shale gas exploration and extraction will be collated into a final report which shall summarise the tools developed during the project and how these can be used to improve safety of fracking operations and to minimize their risk.
Apply the numerical modelling approaches developed here and validate them against the results for the experimental investigation of fracking, described in task 3.7, “Experimental investigation of fracture propagation and fluid flow in fractures under anisotropic stress conditions and during hydrofracturing”. Most academic codes simulate fracturing through concentrated plastic strain along failure planes. This approach may be adequate for ductile materials, but not for the fragile failure conditions expected at hydraulic fracturing sites. Therefore, the second objective of this task is to extend and use existing codes to simulate fracture generation, and to predict induced (micro) seismicity magnitude.
The first consortium meeting will include a two day workshop where all the focused model scenarios will be studied in detail to evaluate both a Features Events and Processes list, and to assess the level of risk associated with each scenario. This list will be provided as a data base to the consortium members, and key risk combinations used to direct the modelling investigation and assessment of monitoring options with the aim of reducing uncertainty.
Analysis of passive seismic monitoring of the Bowland basin in the UK will provide more detailed characterization of background seismic behavior
Rank key risk FEP’s associated with lack of understanding or uncertainty identified in WP3 lead FEP work shop. Direct modelling and investigation effort in WP5 to reduce uncertainty, and WP3 work to increase understanding.
Statistical scaling, uncertainty quantification through rigorous Bayesian treatment of multiple models across diverse space scales.
Perform a formal review and comparison on the type of processes that each existing code includes in the representation of each phenomenon, on how these processes are approximated, and on how they are coupled.
Second period management reporting in writing to the Commission.
The results from the DFN simulations with flow solely in the fractures or in both fractures and matrix (while in the matrix we expect mainly diffusion to be relevant) can be compared with a dual/multiple-porosity approach.
Spatio-temporal distributions of microseismic events will be compared with other baseline data such as treatment curves and fracture distributions in order to better understand the geomechanical characteristics of the reservoir.
Collation of annual research / scientific progress updates for period 2 from each of the WP's
Developing self-healing fluids and emplacement protocols for clogging leakage both in the well and in fractures as an alternative to the existing techniques based mainly on Portland cement slurries.
Collect needed data and information relevant to the materials used in the shale gas industry with potential impacts on air, water and soil pollution. Assemble information on threshold levels, permitted levels, toxicity levels, potential receptors and their respective sensitivities. Collect data and information on admissible levels of induced seismicity as function of the area and the underground formations. Form a database of the relevant physical and chemical properties and of the threshold levels.
Collation of annual research / scientific progress updates for the first reporting period from each of the WP's
Empirical comparative study on the characteristics of propped and unpropped hydraulic fractures in shale-gas formations. Post-frac hydraulic test data or gas production-rate histories will be diagnosed and analysed in order to investigate flow characteristics (bilinear, formation–linear, radial, or others), fracture conductivity, fracture storage coefficient, and outer boundary conditions of propped and un-propped fractures or fracture–systems in shale-gas formations.
Curation and storage of publically available data sets
The goal of this task is to make project results available to the general public. This will be achieved by active participation in discussion forums, the media, scientific dissemination activities periodically organized by partner institutions and the like.
produce a TV documentary for TV dissemination and eventual publication in Youtube
Website designed to engage with the public via a project specific Website with a password protected intra net for use by the consortium to encourage integrations between partners and dissemination of findings.
The goal of this task is to make project results available to the general public. This will be achieved by active participation in discussion forums, the media, scientific dissemination activities periodically organized by partner institutions and the like. To this end, we will prepare (1) a set of presentations, with varying degrees of technical details for presentations to varying publics; (2) a TV documentary for TV dissemination and eventual publication in Youtube; and (3) Educational articles and promotional material. In addition to making this material available to newspapers, magazines, radio and TV channels, they will also be published on the FracRisk project website.
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Publications
Author(s): Bruno Figueiredo, Chin-Fu Tsang, Jonny Rutqvist, Auli Niemi
Published in: Engineering Geology, Issue 228, 2017, Page(s) 197-213, ISSN 0013-7952
DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.011
Author(s): M. C. O'Donnell, S. M. V. Gilfillan, K. Edlmann, C. I. McDermott
Published in: Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 2018, ISSN 2053-1400
DOI: 10.1039/C7EW00474E
Author(s): Calogero B. Rizzo, Felipe P. J. de Barros, Simona Perotto, Luca Oldani, Alberto Guadagnini
Published in: Computational Geosciences, Issue 22/1, 2018, Page(s) 297-308, ISSN 1420-0597
DOI: 10.1007/s10596-017-9693-5
Author(s): Gaël Raymond Guédon, Jeffrey De’Haven Hyman, Fabio Inzoli, Monica Riva, Alberto Guadagnini
Published in: Physics of Fluids, Issue 29/12, 2017, Page(s) 123104, ISSN 1070-6631
DOI: 10.1063/1.5009075
Author(s): Ebraheam Al-Zaidi, Xianfeng Fan, Katriona Edlmann
Published in: Fluids, Issue 3/1, 2018, Page(s) 23, ISSN 2311-5521
DOI: 10.3390/fluids3010023
Author(s): Silvia De Simone, Jesús Carrera, Víctor Vilarrasa
Published in: Geothermics, Issue 70, 2017, Page(s) 85-97, ISSN 0375-6505
DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.05.011
Author(s): Gustavo Ramos, Jesus Carrera, Susana Gómez, Carlos Minutti, Rodolfo Camacho
Published in: Water Resources Research, Issue 53/9, 2017, Page(s) 7904-7916, ISSN 0043-1397
DOI: 10.1002/2017wr020811
Author(s): Victor Vilarrasa, Gil Bustarret, Lyesse Laloui, Mehdi Zeidouni
Published in: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Issue 59, 2017, Page(s) 110-122, ISSN 1750-5836
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.02.010
Author(s): Silvia De Simone, Jesús Carrera
Published in: Water Resources Research, Issue 53/11, 2017, Page(s) 9580-9599, ISSN 0043-1397
DOI: 10.1002/2017wr020824
Author(s): Estanislao Pujades, Silvia De Simone, Jesus Carrera, Enric Vázquez-Suñé, Anna Jurado
Published in: Journal of Hydrology, Issue 548, 2017, Page(s) 225-236, ISSN 0022-1694
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.02.040
Author(s): Anna Russian, Marco Dentz, Philippe Gouze
Published in: Physical Review E, Issue 96/2, 2017, ISSN 2470-0045
DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022156
Author(s): Reza Taherdangkoo, Alexandru Tatomir, Robert Taylor, Martin Sauter
Published in: Energy Procedia, Issue 125, 2017, Page(s) 126-135, ISSN 1876-6102
DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.093
Author(s): Aronne Dell'Oca, Monica Riva, Alberto Guadagnini
Published in: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Issue 21/12, 2017, Page(s) 6219-6234, ISSN 1607-7938
DOI: 10.5194/hess-21-6219-2017
Author(s): E. Galetti, A. Curtis
Published in: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2018, ISSN 2169-9313
DOI: 10.1029/2017jb015418
Author(s): Dennis Gläser, Rainer Helmig, Bernd Flemisch, Holger Class
Published in: Advances in Water Resources, Issue 110, 2017, Page(s) 335-348, ISSN 0309-1708
DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.031
Author(s): Emanuela Bianchi Janetti, Monica Riva, Alberto Guadagnini
Published in: Water, Issue 9/4, 2017, Page(s) 252, ISSN 2073-4441
DOI: 10.3390/w9040252
Author(s): M. Siena, M. Riva, M. Giamberini, P. Gouze, A. Guadagnini
Published in: Spatial Statistics, 2017, ISSN 2211-6753
DOI: 10.1016/j.spasta.2017.07.007
Author(s): Monica Riva, Alberto Guadagnini, Shlomo P. Neuman
Published in: Water Resources Research, Issue 53/4, 2017, Page(s) 2998-3012, ISSN 0043-1397
DOI: 10.1002/2016WR019353
Author(s): A. M. Tartakovsky, M. Panzeri, G. D. Tartakovsky, A. Guadagnini
Published in: Water Resources Research, Issue 53/11, 2017, Page(s) 9392-9401, ISSN 0043-1397
DOI: 10.1002/2017WR020905
Author(s): Alexandru Tatomir, Christopher McDermott, Jacob Bensabat, Holger Class, Katriona Edlmann, Reza Taherdangkoo, Martin Sauter
Published in: Advances in Geosciences, Issue 45, 2018, Page(s) 185-192, ISSN 1680-7359
DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-45-185-2018
Author(s): Enrico Caffagni, Götz Bokelmann
Published in: Energy Procedia, Issue 97, 2016, Page(s) 294-301, ISSN 1876-6102
DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.003
Author(s): D. Gläser, A. Dell’Oca, A. Tatomir, J. Bensabat, H. Class, A. Guadagnini, R. Helmig, C. McDermott, M. Riva, M. Sauter
Published in: Energy Procedia, Issue 97, 2016, Page(s) 387-394, ISSN 1876-6102
DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.030
Author(s): Silvia De Simone, Jesus Carrera, Berta Maria Gómez-Castro
Published in: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Issue 91, 2017, Page(s) 7-17, ISSN 1365-1609
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.11.001
Author(s): A. Menafoglio, A. Guadagnini, P. Secchi
Published in: Water Resources Research, Issue 52/8, 2016, Page(s) 5708-5726, ISSN 0043-1397
DOI: 10.1002/2015WR018369
Author(s): Alessandra Menafoglio, Piercesare Secchi, Alberto Guadagnini
Published in: Mathematical Geosciences, Issue 48/4, 2016, Page(s) 463-485, ISSN 1874-8961
DOI: 10.1007/s11004-015-9625-7
Author(s): M. Panzeri, M. Riva, A. Guadagnini, S.P. Neuman
Published in: Water Resources Research, Issue 52/3, 2016, Page(s) 1746-1761, ISSN 0043-1397
DOI: 10.1002/2015WR018348
Author(s): Leili Moghadasi, Alberto Guadagnini, Fabio Inzoli, Martin Bartosek, Dario Renna
Published in: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Issue 145, 2016, Page(s) 453-463, ISSN 0920-4105
DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2016.05.031
Author(s): Ehsan Ranaee, Monica Riva, Giovanni M. Porta, Alberto Guadagnini
Published in: Water Resources Research, Issue 52/7, 2016, Page(s) 5341-5356, ISSN 0043-1397
DOI: 10.1002/2016WR018872
Author(s): Cheng Dai, Liang Xue, Dongxiao Zhang, Alberto Guadagnini
Published in: Journal of Hydrology, Issue 540, 2016, Page(s) 488-503, ISSN 0022-1694
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.037
Author(s): Bruno Figueiredo, Chin-Fu Tsang, Jonny Rutqvist, Auli Niemi
Published in: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Issue 152, 2017, Page(s) 361-374, ISSN 0920-4105
DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.03.011
Author(s): E. Galetti, A. Curtis
Published in: Near Surface Geoscience 2016 - 22nd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 2016
DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201602017
Author(s): Class, H., A. Dell'Oca, D. Gläser, A. Guadagnini, M. Beck, M. Riva, R. Helmig, C. McDermott and M. Sauter
Published in: Computational methods in water resources XXII, 2018
Author(s): Julia Ghergut, Horst Behrens, Jac Bensabat, Martin Sauter, Bianca Wagner, Bettina Wiegand
Published in: Proceedings of the 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering., 2018
Author(s): Robert Taylor Jr, Alexandru Tatomir and Martin Sauter
Published in: . EGU General Assembly Conference 2018, session ERE2.1 – Environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing: Measurements, monitoring, mitigation and management., 2018
Author(s): Alexandru Bogdan A.C. Tatomir, Chris McDermott and Martin Sauter.
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference 2018, session ERE2.1 – Environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing: Measurements, monitoring, mitigation and management., 2018
Author(s): Uli Maier, Alexandru Tatomir and Martin Sauter.
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference 2018, session ERE5.3 – Process quantification and modelling in subsurface utilization., 2018
Author(s): Reza Taherdangkoo, Alexandru Tatomir, Tega Anighoro and Martin Sauter
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference 2018, session ERE2.1 – Environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing: Measurements, monitoring, mitigation and management., 2018
Author(s): R McKavney, S Gilfillan, D Györe, F Stuart.
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 18, 16478, 2018
Author(s): De Simone S. & Carrera J.
Published in: 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017, proceedings from the conference held 23-28 April, 2017 in Vienna, Austria., 2017, Page(s) 4106
Author(s): De Simone S., Carrera J. & Vilarrasa V.
Published in: 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017, proceedings from the conference held 23-28 April, 2017 in Vienna, Austria, 2017, Page(s) 4073
Author(s): Gómez Castro B.M., De Simone S. & Carrera J.
Published in: 19th EGU General Assembly, EGU2017, proceedings from the conference held 23-28 April, 2017 in Vienna, Austria, 2017, Page(s) 8657
Author(s): B. Gómez-Castro, S. De Simone, J. Carrera.
Published in: 6th International Conference on Coupled THMC Processes in Geosystems 5-7 Jul 2017 Paris, 2017, Page(s) p. 38-39.
Author(s): Beck, M. & Class, H
Published in: European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2018, 8.-13. April 2018 Vienna, Austria, 2018
Author(s): Ghergut, Julia; Behrens, Horst; Sauter, Martin.
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria, April 2017., 2017
Author(s): Gómez Castro B.M., De Simone S. & Carrera J
Published in: GeoProc 6th International Conference on Coupled THMC Processes in Geosystems 5-7 Jul 2017 Paris (France), 2017
Author(s): Galetti, E., Curtis, A.
Published in: EAGE 22nd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 2016
Author(s): Caffagni, Enrico; Bokelmann, Goetz; Lenhardt, Wolfgang; Joswig, Manfred; Sauter, Martin.
Published in: ESC, European Seismological Commission Conference, Trieste, September 2016, 2016
Author(s): De Simone S., Carrera J., Gómez Castro B.M
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference, Vienna, April 2016, 2016
Author(s): Gómez Castro B. M., De Simone S & Carrera J.
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts Vol. 18, Vienna, Austria., 2016
Author(s): Hogarth, R., Baisch, S., Holl, H.-G., Jeffrey, R., Jung, R.
Published in: European Geothermal Congress 2016, Sep. 2016, Strasbourg, France., 2016
Author(s): Tatomir AB, Tomac I, Sauter M
Published in: Energy Geotechnics: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy Geotechnics, ICEGT 2016, Kiel, Germany, 29-31 August 2016, 2016
Author(s): Gläser, Dennis; Class, Holger; Kissinger, Alexander; Beck, Martin.
Published in: EGU General Assembly Conference, Vienna, April 2016, 2016
Author(s): Lisjak A, Mahabadi OK, Tatone BSA, Alruwaili K, Couples GD, Ma J and Al-Nakhli A
Published in: 2016
Author(s): I. Tomac, A.B. Tatomir, M. Sauter
Published in: Second EAGE Workshop on Geomechanics and Energy, 2015
DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201414317
Author(s): galetti, erica; Curtis, Andrew; Chapman, mark
Published in: Issue 1, 2018
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1308104
Author(s): tatomir, Alex; mcdermott, chris; bensabat, jacob; Weiner hagit; edlmann, Katriona; Goren, Yoni
Published in: Issue 1, 2018
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1308106
Author(s): Mcdermott, Christopher; Ennis-King, Jonathan; Johnson, Gareth; Heinemann, Niklas; Hinchliffe, Sofi; Edlmann, Katriona
Published in: Issue 2, 2018
DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/653CV
