The analysis started from a thorough consideration of the concerns and expectations from the perspectives of users, suppliers of the technology and experiences from projects and field tests. With regard to the perceived use cases for connected automation in road transport, technical und non-technical gaps and risks for the implementation will be identified, assessed and ranked. In parallel, sustainable business models have identified with particular emphasis on the role of digitization, connectivity and data-driven business cases.
The expectation, goals and reservation of different stakeholders regarding CAD have been analysed and use cases covering different steps towards full automation have been evaluated and combined in an interdependency matrix.
Vision of connected and automated driving in 2030:
Based on the use cases developed and completed by different stakeholder involvement a vision has been created. This process has started with a context map development, analysing trends, societal, political and economic factors and technologies shaping connected and automated driving in 2030. The vision has been further specified and completed with precise solution.
The state of the art of the technical as well as legal layer regarding CAD has been analysed divided into “sense”, “think” and “act” technologies as well as including, security, and communication and connectivity aspects. The analysis performed show that there is still lots of R&D effort required to make the step from “driver as fall-back level” (SAE Level 2) to “system as fall-back level” (SAE level 3+).
By adding the layer of connectivity to the vehicles, another layer regarding security is automatically added. This topic is still at a level, which needs further development to meet all required security standards.
Regarding legal frameworks the following conclusions can be drawn: Although first amendments are already implemented to keep up with the technical development of automated and connected driving and to facilitate various ADAS functions, it is essential to further adapt laws globally and in each EU member state.
Based on a selection of use cases novel business models have been developed. The business model analysis showed that the expertise of many different stakeholders with specific competencies is needed for the successful implementation of novel business models, showing the relevance of the formation of strategic alliances of relevant stakeholders. Furthermore, the overall vision of mobility as a service will not only affect the car manufacturing industry. It will also rearrange the system of urban public transport and therefore requires the collaboration with public and national traffic management and infrastructure operators.
A coherent funding strategy for Connected & Automated Driving will accelerate progress in deployment of (CAD). A prerequisite for this is an analysis of existing EU, national and international funding programmes for the development and implementation of connected and automated driving technologies. Therefore the currently available funding budgets on European, national and international level has been analysed in light of the global competition.
European funding in Horizon 2020 and the Connecting Europe Facility amounts to approx. €240 million per year together. In comparison, the US spends around USD137 million (€122 million) per year for research related to CAD. Japan invests JPY2.45 billion (€20 million) annually in CAD related to the major funding programme (SIP-ADUS). In China, the “Made in China 2025” programme, the equivalent to Europe’s “Industry 4.0”, is a USD300 billion-heavy programme that also partially tackles CAD.
