Objective 1: Identify Key Genes and Proteins in Coral Skeleton Formation
Protein Analysis: We developed the best method to extract and study proteins from coral skeletons, and we identified key proteins involved in building coral skeletons. Our findings suggest that these proteins are transported to the skeleton through vesicles within the coral cells. Based on our findings, we proposed a three-stage model of coral skeleton formation (Fig. 1)
Evolutionary Study: We examined the evolution of these key proteins across different coral species, helping us understand how these proteins and processes have developed over time.
Gene Analysis: We created a detailed list of genes involved in coral skeleton formation. This included generating a coral cell atlas, which maps gene activity in different cell types and life stages, aiding researchers worldwide (Fig. 4).
Objective 2: Understand the Role of Specific Proteins in Skeleton Formation
We tried using a genetic approach to study the role of specific proteins in coral skeleton formation but faced challenges. However, using lab experiments, we confirmed that certain coral proteins help form the crystalline structure of the skeleton.
Objective 3: Discover How Corals Form Their Skeletons
Mineral Formation: We discovered that corals initially form their skeletons from a less stable form of calcium carbonate, which then matures into the harder structure seen in coral skeletons. This process involves several steps and different types of minerals and proteins (Fig. 1).
Impact of Ocean Acidification: We studied how lower pH levels in seawater affect young corals and their algae partners. While acidified water negatively impacted coral larvae survival, it boosted algae growth. This research highlights the need to understand how ocean acidification affects coral development and survival.
Ion Transport: Using advanced imaging and genetic tools, we found that ions from seawater are transported to the skeleton-building site via vesicles within coral cells (Fig. 1).
Precursor for Skeleton Formation: We identified proteins and particles involved in the early stages of skeleton formation. These components help in the initial formation of the skeleton and its growth.
3D Skeleton Study: We developed an AI tool to study the 3D structure of coral skeletons, which helps us understand how different growth zones develop and how ocean acidification affects them (Fig. 2).
Overall, our research has provided significant insights into how corals build their skeletons and how they might be affected by changing ocean conditions, paving the way for further studies and conservation efforts.
