Modelling, design, manufacturing, tests, technoeconomic/environmental, dissemination, communication, exploitation activities by reactor, gas conditioning, SOFC and EPC European companies and research centres has been carried out as foreseen, with delays due to COVID (e.g. closure of offices and labs and delays in delivery and repairs) and technical issues (e.g. BLAZE scheme changed, more than foreseen components and layouts analyses, tests and developments). In particular it has been:
1 Identified, fully characterised (also ash behaviour) 10 samples and 5 mixtures representative of the most available European biomass residues with low cost. Agricultural: corn cobs, straw, rice husk, olive pruning. Forestry: Arundo donax, wood chips. Industry: olive pomace, almond shell, sawmill, sawdust, black liquor. Waste: MSW, Digestate, Subcoal. Only corn cobs and black liquor disregarded (for low ash melting) and subcoal, MSW and digestate (for ashes and contaminants) classified as difficult. Gasified the most relevant obtaining in average without gas conditioning: gas yield 1.2 Nm3dry/kgbiom,dry, LHV 8 MJ/Nm3dry, Residual Char 17 g/kgbiom,dry, CGE 75%, CC 90%, tar 20 g/Nm3dry, H2S=HCl 300 mg/Nm3dry (i.e. 300 ppm). Obtained complete tar conversion with commercial Ni catalysts (even with 100 ppm H2S but at 850 °C), Zinc oxide, Nahcolite and Kaolin reduced H2S, HCl and KCl to the SOFC limits see D2.1-2.4 and datasets 1-5
2 Manufactured and tested SOFC 30 button cells and 4 short stacks for more than 30,000 hours. H2S limits confirmed at 1 ppm when having HCl at 100 ppm. Light tar tolerated, heavy limit to 15 ppm. Increased knowledge about SOFC fed by biosyngas see D3.1-3.4 and dataset 6-8
3 Simulated 38,028 plant configurations finding that electrical and cogeneration efficiencies can be up to 49% and 90%, HEN can be reduced to 6 m2, AoG has to be send to the combustor, etc. and developed a new component (syngas compressor) see D4.1-4.4 and dataset 9-13
4 Developed a 100 kWth new gasifier (DBFB), a reactor with filter candles with catalyst, 2 tar reformer reactors, new H2S and HCl sorbents reactors, 25 kWe SOFC stack, complete integration. Gasifier tested for 2 years see D5.1-5.4 D6.1-6.2 and dataset 14-18
5 Calculated impacts mainly due to materials and energy inputs, equipment and lifetime are marginal (gasifier auxiliary fuel via AoG decrease 76% overall impact of 190 kg CO2-Eq/kWhe in LCA vs actual EU 2021 of 238 not LCA and 101 of green H2 in LCA). Upscaling BLAZE to 0.5-5 MWe and considering SOFC at 6 k€/kWe and 10 years warranty 0.1 €/kWhe and 0.04 €/kWhth are obtained with PBT of 3-6 years. Standards, regulations, control systems are central in particular allowing and specifying the biogenic waste use. See D7.1-7.5 D8.1-D8.8 and dataset 19-20
6 Done 24 publications and 20 datasets with thousands views and downloads, 46 dissemination and communications activities, 6 webinars, 1 MSP (Multi Stakeholder Platform) realized with 183 subscribers and 600 recording visualizations.
