We have focused our activities on Aim 1 of E4I, which tries to determine at which of the three main steps in the care continuum – screening, linkage to care, and retention in care – the greatest loss of patients occurs. As such, we have worked on detailed literature reviews and analyses to generate care cascade estimates for screening, diagnosis, treatment, and control of diabetes and hypertension. We have gained interesting insights. In the case of hypertension, we found that over a 5- to 9-year period, many individuals diagnosed with hypertension stop treatment and most of them lose blood pressure control. There was also considerable stasis at early care stages: two of three undiagnosed individuals remained undiagnosed, and three of four untreated individuals remained untreated over the period. We also found that cross-sectional continuums could provide a very different estimate of the benefits of improving diagnosis and treatment when compared with longitudinal estimates that track individuals over time. In Indonesia, for example, 68% of individuals that were diagnosed in 2007 reported treatment and 20% had a controlled blood pressure. This gave the impression that improving diagnosis was the primary bottleneck to blood pressure control. However, when following individuals longitudinally, just 34% of those that became diagnosed between 2007 and 2014 initiated treatment and just 4% achieved control, revealing that the cross-sectional continuum substantially overvalued the potential benefits of diagnosis alone. These longitudinal perspectives highlight that achievement of blood pressure control is seldom sustained over time and that policies solely aimed at improving diagnosis or initiating treatment may not lead to large improvements in control, because those who are diagnosed are unlikely to start treatment and those who start treatment tend to discontinue treatment over time. This work has not yet been published but we are actively working on generating scientific manuscripts for publication from this work.