Transforming Norms Research through Practices: Weaponised Artificial Intelligence, Norms, and Order

Myth, Power, and Agency: Rethinking Artificial Intelligence, Geopolitics and War

Author(s): Raluca Csernatoni, Dennis Broeders, Lise H. Andersen, Marijn Hoijtink, Ingvild Bode, Jon R. Lindsay, Elke Schwarz
Published in: Minds and Machines, Issue 35, 2025, ISSN 1572-8641
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
DOI: 10.1007/s11023-025-09741-0

Contesting Use of Force Norms Through Technological Practices

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: Heidelberg Journal of International Law, Issue 83 (1), 2023, Page(s) 39-64, ISSN 0044-2348
Publisher: C.H. Beck
DOI: 10.17104/0044-2348-2023-1-39

Startups Envisioning Algorithmic Warfare: The Discourses of <scp>US</scp> Tech Companies in Defense <scp>AI</scp>

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: Global Policy, Issue 16, 2026, Page(s) 487-493, ISSN 1758-5880
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.70047

The Impact of AI on Strategic Stability is What States Make of It: Comparing US and Russian Discourses

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze; Nicolò Miotto
Published in: Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, 2023, ISSN 2575-1654
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/25751654.2023.2205552

Transcending the fog of war? US military ‘AI’, vision, and the emergent post-scopic regime

Author(s): Hendrik Huelss
Published in: European Journal of International Security, 2024, Page(s) 1-21, ISSN 2057-5637
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
DOI: 10.1017/eis.2024.21

Governing AI in the military domain in a multi-order world: China, the US, and visions of the “good life”

Author(s): Qiaochu Zhang, Ingvild Bode
Published in: Contemporary Security Policy, Issue 47, 2026, Page(s) 836-852, ISSN 1352-3260
Publisher: Routledge
DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2026.2683472

Cross-cultural narratives of weaponised artificial intelligence: Comparing France, India, Japan and the United States

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss, Anna Nadibaidze, Tom FA Watts
Published in: Big Data & Society, Issue 11, 2025, ISSN 2053-9517
Publisher: SAGE
DOI: 10.1177/20539517241303151

AI Technologies and International Relations

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: The RUSI Journal, Issue 169, 2024, Page(s) 66-74, ISSN 0307-1847
Publisher: Routledge
DOI: 10.1080/03071847.2024.2392394

Sociotechnical imaginaries of future war in Chinese science fiction

Author(s): Qiaochu Zhang
Published in: Critical Studies on Security, Issue 14, 2026, Page(s) 419-424, ISSN 2162-4887
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
DOI: 10.1080/21624887.2026.2668212

Practice-based and public-deliberative normativity: retaining human control over the use of force

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: European Journal of International Relations, 2023, ISSN 1460-3713
Publisher: Sage
DOI: 10.1177/13540661231163392

Establishing human responsibility and accountability at early stages of the lifecycle for AI-based defence systems

Author(s): Ariel Conn, Ingvild Bode
Published in: Ethics and Information Technology, Issue 27, 2025, ISSN 1388-1957
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-025-09862-1

Russia’s Drive for AI: Do Deeds Match the Words?

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: The Washington Quarterly, Issue 47, 2024, Page(s) 137-154, ISSN 0163-660X
Publisher: MIT Press
DOI: 10.1080/0163660x.2024.2435162

Insurmountable enemies or easy targets? Military-themed videogame ‘translations’ of weaponized artificial intelligence

Author(s): Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Paolo Franco
Published in: Security Dialogue, Issue 55, 2025, Page(s) 81-102, ISSN 0967-0106
Publisher: SAGE Publications
DOI: 10.1177/09670106231218829

Prospects for the Global Governance of Autonomous Weapons: Comparing Chinese, Russian, and US Practices

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss, Anna Nadibaidze, Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Tom Watts
Published in: Ethics and Information Technology, 2023, ISSN 1388-1957
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-023-09678-x

Machine guardians: The Terminator, AI narratives and US regulatory discourse on lethal autonomous weapons systems

Author(s): Tom Watts, Ingvild Bode
Published in: Cooperation & Conflict, 2023, ISSN 1460-3691
Publisher: Sage
DOI: 10.1177/00108367231198155

Technology in the quest for status: the Russian leadership’s artificial intelligence narrative

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: Journal of International Relations and Development, Issue 27, 2024, Page(s) 117-142, ISSN 1408-6980
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
DOI: 10.1057/s41268-023-00322-1

Military demonstrations as digital spectacles: How virtual presentations of AI decision-support systems shape perceptions of war and security

Author(s): Robin Vanderborght, Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: European Journal of International Security, Issue 11, 2026, Page(s) 399-418, ISSN 2057-5637
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
DOI: 10.1017/eis.2025.10015

Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Practical Normativity/Normality: Investigating Practices beyond the Public Space

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Published in: Open Research Europe, 2023, ISSN 2732-5121
Publisher: European Commission
DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16536.1

Visuals as sources of normative substance in the debate about artificial intelligence in the military domain

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze, Guangyu Qiao-Franco
Published in: Critical Studies on Security, 2025, Page(s) 1-26, ISSN 2162-4887
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
DOI: 10.1080/21624887.2025.2540704

Emergent Normativity: Communities of Practices, Technology, and Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: Global Studies Quarterly, 2023, ISSN 2634-3797
Publisher: Oxford University Press

Technologische Herausforderungen: Künstliche Intelligenz, Normativität, Normalität und Praktiken jenseits des öffentlichen Raums

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Published in: Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, Issue 30, 2023, Page(s) 124-134, ISSN 0946-7165
Publisher: Nomos
DOI: 10.5771/0946-7165-2023-2-124

An Emergent Community of Cyber Sovereignty: The Reproduction of Boundaries?

Author(s): Guangyu Qiao-Franco
Published in: Global Studies Quarterly, Issue 4, 2024, ISSN 2634-3797
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksad077

Constructing Expertise: The Front- and Back-Door Regulation of AI's Military Applications in the European Union

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Published in: Journal of European Public Policy, 2023, ISSN 1350-1763
Publisher: Routledge
DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2023.2174169

Navigating the In‐Between Space: The Roles of Chinese Think Tanks in Artificial Intelligence Governance

Author(s): Qiaochu Zhang
Published in: Global Policy, Issue 16, 2026, Page(s) 494-500, ISSN 1758-5880
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.70053

The Need for and Nature of a Normative, Cultural Psychology of Weaponised AI

Author(s): Rockwell Clancy, Ingvild Bode, Qin Zhu
Published in: Ethics and Information Technology, 2023, ISSN 1388-1957
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-023-09680-3

Monsters of our own making? Skynet, sociotechnical imaginaries, and nuclear risk in today’s era of great power competition

Author(s): Tom F.A. Watts
Published in: Critical Studies on Security, Issue 14, 2026, Page(s) 425-431, ISSN 2162-4887
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
DOI: 10.1080/21624887.2026.2668230

Ensuring the exercise of human agency in AI-based military systems: concerns across the lifecycle

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze, Tom Watts, Qiaochu Zhang
Published in: Ethics and Information Technology, Issue 27, 2025, ISSN 1388-1957
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-025-09861-2

China's Artificial Intelligence Ethics: Policy Development in an Emergent Community of Practice

Author(s): Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Ronsheng Zhu
Published in: Journal of Contemporary China, 2022, ISSN 1067-0564
Publisher: Carfax Publishing Ltd.
DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2022.2153016

Emergent Normativity: Communities of Practice, Technology, and Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: Global Studies Quarterly, Issue 4, 2024, ISSN 2634-3797
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksad073

Weaponised Artificial Intelligence and Chinese Practices of Human-Machine Interaction

Author(s): Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Ingvild Bode
Published in: Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2023, ISSN 1750-8916
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/cjip/poac024

Narrating and Practising the US–China “Tech War”

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Cecilia Ducci, Pak K Lee
Published in: Global Studies Quarterly, Issue 5, 2025, ISSN 2634-3797
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksaf037

Algorithmic Warfare: Taking Stock of a Research Programme

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss, Anna Nadibaidze, Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Tom F. A. Watts
Published in: Global Society, Issue 38, 2024, Page(s) 1-23, ISSN 1360-0826
Publisher: Carfax Publishing Ltd.
DOI: 10.1080/13600826.2023.2263473

Different fields, different appropriateness? Unpacking emerging normativity in China’s AI governance

Author(s): Qiaochu Zhang
Published in: Cooperation and Conflict, 2026, ISSN 0010-8367
Publisher: SAGE Publications
DOI: 10.1177/00108367251383688

Great power identity in Russia’s position on autonomous weapons systems

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: Contemporary Security Policy, 2022, ISSN 1743-8764
Publisher: Taylor and Francis
DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2022.2075665

Quelles perspectives pour la régulation des systèmes d'armes autonomes?

Author(s): Nadibaidze, Anna
Published in: Le Rubicon, Issue 13, 2022
Publisher: Centre Thucydide

AI in Military Decision Support Systems. A Review of Developments and Debates

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze, Ingvild Bode, Qioachu Zhang
Published in: 2024
Publisher: Center for War Studies, SDU

Geopolitics of AI Governance: Actors, Norms, and Trends

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze, Justinas Lingevicius
Published in: 2026
Publisher: Center for War Studies

Emerging Norms around Military Applications of AI: The Case of Human Control

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: GC REAIM Expert Policy Note Series, 2025
Publisher: Global Commission on Responsible AI in the Military Domain

Commitment to Control Weaponised AI: A Step Forward for the OSCE and European Security

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: 2022
Publisher: Geneva Centre for Security and Policy

Meaningless Human Control: Lessons from Air Defence Systems for the Debate on Autonomous Weapons

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Tom Watts
Published in: 2021
Publisher: Drone Wars UK

Loitering Munitions and Unpredictability: Autonomy in Weapon Systems and Human Control

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Tom Watts
Published in: 2023
Publisher: Center for War Studies, SDU; Center for International Security, Royal Holloway
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8379571

Russian Perceptions of Military AI, Automation, and Autonomy

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: 2021
Publisher: Foreign Policy Research Institute

Autonomous Weapons and International Norms

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Published in: 2022
Publisher: McGill Queen's University Press

‘Artificial Intelligence’ and the Production of Knowledge and Expertise in International Relations

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Published in: Knowledge and Expertise in International Politics : A Handbook, 2025
Publisher: Oxford UP

From the Reel to the Real: Narratives of Weaponized Artificial Intelligence Technologies in India

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Shimona Mohan
Published in: The Realities of Autonomous Weapons, 2025
Publisher: Bristol UP

Governance of AI in the Military Domain: International Law, Norms, and Ways Forward

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: 2025
Publisher: Oxford UP

Rising powers as norm entrepreneurs and the future of liberal international order

Author(s): Qiaochu Zhang
Published in: The Oxford handbook of norms research in international relations, 2025
Publisher: Oxford UP

Autonomous Drones

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: The De Gruyter Handbook of Drone Warfare, 2024
Publisher: De Gruyter

Autonomous Drones

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: The De Gruyter Handbook of Drone Warfare, 2023
Publisher: De Gruyter

Norm robustness and international practice theories

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: Oxford Handbook of Norm Research, 2025
Publisher: Oxford University Press

AI Geopolitics and International Relations

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Guangyu Qiao-Franco
Published in: Handbook on Public Policy and AI, 2023
Publisher: Edward Elgar

Contestation of Normativity in Military Practices and the AI Transformation

Author(s): Hendrik Huelss
Published in: Contestation in Prism : The Evolution of Norms and Norm Clusters in Contemporary Global Politics, 2025
Publisher: Springer

The Future of Remote Warfare? Artificial Intelligence, Weapons Systems, and Human Control

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Published in: Remote Warfare: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2021
Publisher: E-International Relations

How practices make norms: autonomous and AI technologies in weapon systems and diminished human control

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: The Project Repository Journal, Issue 20, 2024, Page(s) 34-37, ISSN 2632-4067
Publisher: European Dissemination Media Agency
DOI: 10.54050/prj2021821

Practice Theories and Critical Security Studies

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: Global Cooperation Research: A Quarterly Magazine, 2021, ISSN 2198-0411
Publisher: Center for Global Cooperation Research

Emerging Scholars on Emerging Technologies in International Security: Introduction to Part 1

Author(s): Anna Nadibaidze, Ingvild Bode
Published in: Global Policy, Issue 16, 2026, Page(s) 465-466, ISSN 1758-5880
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.70058

"Vereitelte Drohnenaufklärung in Aghanistan {Drones in Afghanistan: Not a Technological ""Silver Bullet""}"

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Tom Watts
Published in: c't Magazin für Computertechnik, Issue September 2021, 2022, ISSN 0724-8679
Publisher: Heise

Von wegen intelligent: Autonome Drohnen und KI-Waffen im Ukraine-Krieg (in English: AI and Drones in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Challenging the Expectations?)

Author(s): Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze
Published in: c't Magazin für Computertechnik, 2022, ISSN 0724-8679
Publisher: Heise

Autonome KI-ller: Wie künstliche Intelligenz die Kriegsführung verändert {Autonomous Killers: How Artificial Intelligence Changes the Conduct of War}

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: c't Magazin für Computertechnik, Issue May 2021, 2021, ISSN 0724-8679
Publisher: Heise

Weaponised Artificial Intelligence and Use of Force Norms

Author(s): Ingvild Bode
Published in: The Project Repository Journal, 2020, ISSN 2632-4067
Publisher: European Dissemination Media Agency

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