Transforming Norms Research through Practices: Weaponised Artificial Intelligence, Norms, and Order

Myth, Power, and Agency: Rethinking Artificial Intelligence, Geopolitics and War

Autori: Raluca Csernatoni, Dennis Broeders, Lise H. Andersen, Marijn Hoijtink, Ingvild Bode, Jon R. Lindsay, Elke Schwarz
Pubblicato in: Minds and Machines, Numero 35, 2025, ISSN 1572-8641
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
DOI: 10.1007/s11023-025-09741-0

Contesting Use of Force Norms Through Technological Practices

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Heidelberg Journal of International Law, Numero 83 (1), 2023, Pagina/e 39-64, ISSN 0044-2348
Editore: C.H. Beck
DOI: 10.17104/0044-2348-2023-1-39

Startups Envisioning Algorithmic Warfare: The Discourses of <scp>US</scp> Tech Companies in Defense <scp>AI</scp>

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: Global Policy, Numero 16, 2026, Pagina/e 487-493, ISSN 1758-5880
Editore: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.70047

The Impact of AI on Strategic Stability is What States Make of It: Comparing US and Russian Discourses

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze; Nicolò Miotto
Pubblicato in: Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, 2023, ISSN 2575-1654
Editore: Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/25751654.2023.2205552

Transcending the fog of war? US military ‘AI’, vision, and the emergent post-scopic regime

Autori: Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: European Journal of International Security, 2024, Pagina/e 1-21, ISSN 2057-5637
Editore: Cambridge University Press
DOI: 10.1017/eis.2024.21

Governing AI in the military domain in a multi-order world: China, the US, and visions of the “good life”

Autori: Qiaochu Zhang, Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Contemporary Security Policy, Numero 47, 2026, Pagina/e 836-852, ISSN 1352-3260
Editore: Routledge
DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2026.2683472

Cross-cultural narratives of weaponised artificial intelligence: Comparing France, India, Japan and the United States

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss, Anna Nadibaidze, Tom FA Watts
Pubblicato in: Big Data & Society, Numero 11, 2025, ISSN 2053-9517
Editore: SAGE
DOI: 10.1177/20539517241303151

AI Technologies and International Relations

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: The RUSI Journal, Numero 169, 2024, Pagina/e 66-74, ISSN 0307-1847
Editore: Routledge
DOI: 10.1080/03071847.2024.2392394

Sociotechnical imaginaries of future war in Chinese science fiction

Autori: Qiaochu Zhang
Pubblicato in: Critical Studies on Security, Numero 14, 2026, Pagina/e 419-424, ISSN 2162-4887
Editore: Informa UK Limited
DOI: 10.1080/21624887.2026.2668212

Practice-based and public-deliberative normativity: retaining human control over the use of force

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: European Journal of International Relations, 2023, ISSN 1460-3713
Editore: Sage
DOI: 10.1177/13540661231163392

Establishing human responsibility and accountability at early stages of the lifecycle for AI-based defence systems

Autori: Ariel Conn, Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Ethics and Information Technology, Numero 27, 2025, ISSN 1388-1957
Editore: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-025-09862-1

Russia’s Drive for AI: Do Deeds Match the Words?

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: The Washington Quarterly, Numero 47, 2024, Pagina/e 137-154, ISSN 0163-660X
Editore: MIT Press
DOI: 10.1080/0163660x.2024.2435162

Insurmountable enemies or easy targets? Military-themed videogame ‘translations’ of weaponized artificial intelligence

Autori: Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Paolo Franco
Pubblicato in: Security Dialogue, Numero 55, 2025, Pagina/e 81-102, ISSN 0967-0106
Editore: SAGE Publications
DOI: 10.1177/09670106231218829

Prospects for the Global Governance of Autonomous Weapons: Comparing Chinese, Russian, and US Practices

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss, Anna Nadibaidze, Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Tom Watts
Pubblicato in: Ethics and Information Technology, 2023, ISSN 1388-1957
Editore: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-023-09678-x

Machine guardians: The Terminator, AI narratives and US regulatory discourse on lethal autonomous weapons systems

Autori: Tom Watts, Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Cooperation & Conflict, 2023, ISSN 1460-3691
Editore: Sage
DOI: 10.1177/00108367231198155

Technology in the quest for status: the Russian leadership’s artificial intelligence narrative

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: Journal of International Relations and Development, Numero 27, 2024, Pagina/e 117-142, ISSN 1408-6980
Editore: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
DOI: 10.1057/s41268-023-00322-1

Military demonstrations as digital spectacles: How virtual presentations of AI decision-support systems shape perceptions of war and security

Autori: Robin Vanderborght, Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: European Journal of International Security, Numero 11, 2026, Pagina/e 399-418, ISSN 2057-5637
Editore: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
DOI: 10.1017/eis.2025.10015

Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Practical Normativity/Normality: Investigating Practices beyond the Public Space

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: Open Research Europe, 2023, ISSN 2732-5121
Editore: European Commission
DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16536.1

Visuals as sources of normative substance in the debate about artificial intelligence in the military domain

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze, Guangyu Qiao-Franco
Pubblicato in: Critical Studies on Security, 2025, Pagina/e 1-26, ISSN 2162-4887
Editore: Informa UK Limited
DOI: 10.1080/21624887.2025.2540704

Emergent Normativity: Communities of Practices, Technology, and Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Global Studies Quarterly, 2023, ISSN 2634-3797
Editore: Oxford University Press

Technologische Herausforderungen: Künstliche Intelligenz, Normativität, Normalität und Praktiken jenseits des öffentlichen Raums

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, Numero 30, 2023, Pagina/e 124-134, ISSN 0946-7165
Editore: Nomos
DOI: 10.5771/0946-7165-2023-2-124

An Emergent Community of Cyber Sovereignty: The Reproduction of Boundaries?

Autori: Guangyu Qiao-Franco
Pubblicato in: Global Studies Quarterly, Numero 4, 2024, ISSN 2634-3797
Editore: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksad077

Constructing Expertise: The Front- and Back-Door Regulation of AI's Military Applications in the European Union

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: Journal of European Public Policy, 2023, ISSN 1350-1763
Editore: Routledge
DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2023.2174169

Navigating the In‐Between Space: The Roles of Chinese Think Tanks in Artificial Intelligence Governance

Autori: Qiaochu Zhang
Pubblicato in: Global Policy, Numero 16, 2026, Pagina/e 494-500, ISSN 1758-5880
Editore: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.70053

The Need for and Nature of a Normative, Cultural Psychology of Weaponised AI

Autori: Rockwell Clancy, Ingvild Bode, Qin Zhu
Pubblicato in: Ethics and Information Technology, 2023, ISSN 1388-1957
Editore: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-023-09680-3

Monsters of our own making? Skynet, sociotechnical imaginaries, and nuclear risk in today’s era of great power competition

Autori: Tom F.A. Watts
Pubblicato in: Critical Studies on Security, Numero 14, 2026, Pagina/e 425-431, ISSN 2162-4887
Editore: Informa UK Limited
DOI: 10.1080/21624887.2026.2668230

Ensuring the exercise of human agency in AI-based military systems: concerns across the lifecycle

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze, Tom Watts, Qiaochu Zhang
Pubblicato in: Ethics and Information Technology, Numero 27, 2025, ISSN 1388-1957
Editore: Kluwer Academic Publishers
DOI: 10.1007/s10676-025-09861-2

China's Artificial Intelligence Ethics: Policy Development in an Emergent Community of Practice

Autori: Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Ronsheng Zhu
Pubblicato in: Journal of Contemporary China, 2022, ISSN 1067-0564
Editore: Carfax Publishing Ltd.
DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2022.2153016

Emergent Normativity: Communities of Practice, Technology, and Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Global Studies Quarterly, Numero 4, 2024, ISSN 2634-3797
Editore: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksad073

Weaponised Artificial Intelligence and Chinese Practices of Human-Machine Interaction

Autori: Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2023, ISSN 1750-8916
Editore: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/cjip/poac024

Narrating and Practising the US–China “Tech War”

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Cecilia Ducci, Pak K Lee
Pubblicato in: Global Studies Quarterly, Numero 5, 2025, ISSN 2634-3797
Editore: Oxford University Press (OUP)
DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksaf037

Algorithmic Warfare: Taking Stock of a Research Programme

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss, Anna Nadibaidze, Guangyu Qiao-Franco, Tom F. A. Watts
Pubblicato in: Global Society, Numero 38, 2024, Pagina/e 1-23, ISSN 1360-0826
Editore: Carfax Publishing Ltd.
DOI: 10.1080/13600826.2023.2263473

Different fields, different appropriateness? Unpacking emerging normativity in China’s AI governance

Autori: Qiaochu Zhang
Pubblicato in: Cooperation and Conflict, 2026, ISSN 0010-8367
Editore: SAGE Publications
DOI: 10.1177/00108367251383688

Great power identity in Russia’s position on autonomous weapons systems

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: Contemporary Security Policy, 2022, ISSN 1743-8764
Editore: Taylor and Francis
DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2022.2075665

Quelles perspectives pour la régulation des systèmes d'armes autonomes?

Autori: Nadibaidze, Anna
Pubblicato in: Le Rubicon, Numero 13, 2022
Editore: Centre Thucydide

AI in Military Decision Support Systems. A Review of Developments and Debates

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze, Ingvild Bode, Qioachu Zhang
Pubblicato in: 2024
Editore: Center for War Studies, SDU

Geopolitics of AI Governance: Actors, Norms, and Trends

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze, Justinas Lingevicius
Pubblicato in: 2026
Editore: Center for War Studies

Emerging Norms around Military Applications of AI: The Case of Human Control

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: GC REAIM Expert Policy Note Series, 2025
Editore: Global Commission on Responsible AI in the Military Domain

Commitment to Control Weaponised AI: A Step Forward for the OSCE and European Security

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: 2022
Editore: Geneva Centre for Security and Policy

Meaningless Human Control: Lessons from Air Defence Systems for the Debate on Autonomous Weapons

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Tom Watts
Pubblicato in: 2021
Editore: Drone Wars UK

Loitering Munitions and Unpredictability: Autonomy in Weapon Systems and Human Control

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Tom Watts
Pubblicato in: 2023
Editore: Center for War Studies, SDU; Center for International Security, Royal Holloway
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8379571

Russian Perceptions of Military AI, Automation, and Autonomy

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: 2021
Editore: Foreign Policy Research Institute

Autonomous Weapons and International Norms

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: 2022
Editore: McGill Queen's University Press

‘Artificial Intelligence’ and the Production of Knowledge and Expertise in International Relations

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: Knowledge and Expertise in International Politics : A Handbook, 2025
Editore: Oxford UP

From the Reel to the Real: Narratives of Weaponized Artificial Intelligence Technologies in India

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Shimona Mohan
Pubblicato in: The Realities of Autonomous Weapons, 2025
Editore: Bristol UP

Governance of AI in the Military Domain: International Law, Norms, and Ways Forward

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: 2025
Editore: Oxford UP

Rising powers as norm entrepreneurs and the future of liberal international order

Autori: Qiaochu Zhang
Pubblicato in: The Oxford handbook of norms research in international relations, 2025
Editore: Oxford UP

Autonomous Drones

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: The De Gruyter Handbook of Drone Warfare, 2024
Editore: De Gruyter

Autonomous Drones

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: The De Gruyter Handbook of Drone Warfare, 2023
Editore: De Gruyter

Norm robustness and international practice theories

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Oxford Handbook of Norm Research, 2025
Editore: Oxford University Press

AI Geopolitics and International Relations

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Guangyu Qiao-Franco
Pubblicato in: Handbook on Public Policy and AI, 2023
Editore: Edward Elgar

Contestation of Normativity in Military Practices and the AI Transformation

Autori: Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: Contestation in Prism : The Evolution of Norms and Norm Clusters in Contemporary Global Politics, 2025
Editore: Springer

The Future of Remote Warfare? Artificial Intelligence, Weapons Systems, and Human Control

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Hendrik Huelss
Pubblicato in: Remote Warfare: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2021
Editore: E-International Relations

How practices make norms: autonomous and AI technologies in weapon systems and diminished human control

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: The Project Repository Journal, Numero 20, 2024, Pagina/e 34-37, ISSN 2632-4067
Editore: European Dissemination Media Agency
DOI: 10.54050/prj2021821

Practice Theories and Critical Security Studies

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Global Cooperation Research: A Quarterly Magazine, 2021, ISSN 2198-0411
Editore: Center for Global Cooperation Research

Emerging Scholars on Emerging Technologies in International Security: Introduction to Part 1

Autori: Anna Nadibaidze, Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: Global Policy, Numero 16, 2026, Pagina/e 465-466, ISSN 1758-5880
Editore: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
DOI: 10.1111/1758-5899.70058

"Vereitelte Drohnenaufklärung in Aghanistan {Drones in Afghanistan: Not a Technological ""Silver Bullet""}"

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Tom Watts
Pubblicato in: c't Magazin für Computertechnik, Numero September 2021, 2022, ISSN 0724-8679
Editore: Heise

Von wegen intelligent: Autonome Drohnen und KI-Waffen im Ukraine-Krieg (in English: AI and Drones in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Challenging the Expectations?)

Autori: Ingvild Bode, Anna Nadibaidze
Pubblicato in: c't Magazin für Computertechnik, 2022, ISSN 0724-8679
Editore: Heise

Autonome KI-ller: Wie künstliche Intelligenz die Kriegsführung verändert {Autonomous Killers: How Artificial Intelligence Changes the Conduct of War}

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: c't Magazin für Computertechnik, Numero May 2021, 2021, ISSN 0724-8679
Editore: Heise

Weaponised Artificial Intelligence and Use of Force Norms

Autori: Ingvild Bode
Pubblicato in: The Project Repository Journal, 2020, ISSN 2632-4067
Editore: European Dissemination Media Agency

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Transforming Norms Research through Practices: Weaponised Artificial Intelligence, Norms, and Order

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