Towards Nanostructured Electrocatalysts with Superior Stability

Información del proyecto

123STABLE

Identificador del acuerdo de subvención: 852208

DOI

10.3030/852208

Fecha de la firma de la CE 14 Octubre 2019

Fecha de inicio 1 Enero 2020

Fecha de finalización 31 Octubre 2025

Financiado con arreglo a

• EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC)

Coste total

€ 1 496 750,00

Aportación de la UE

€ 1 496 750,00

Coordinado por

KEMIJSKI INSTITUT
Slovenia

CORDIS proporciona enlaces a los documentos públicos y las publicaciones de los proyectos de los programas marco HORIZONTE.

Los enlaces a los documentos y las publicaciones de los proyectos del Séptimo Programa Marco, así como los enlaces a algunos tipos de resultados específicos, como conjuntos de datos y «software», se obtienen dinámicamente de OpenAIRE .

Publicaciones

Peer reviewed articles (42)

Resolving the nanoparticles' structure-property relationships at the atomic level: a study of Pt-based electrocatalysts

Autores: Leonard Jean Moriau, Armin Hrnjić, Andraž Pavlišič, Ana Rebeka Kamšek, Urša Petek, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Martin Šala, Luka Pavko, Vid Simon Šelih, Marjan Bele, Primož Jovanovič, Matija Gatalo, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: iScience, Edición 24/2, 2021, Página(s) 102102, ISSN 2589-0042
Editor: Cell Press
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102102

Bringing into play automated electron microscopy data processing for understanding nanoparticulate electrocatalysts’ structure–property relationships /

Autores: Kamšek, Ana Rebeka; Ruiz-Zepeda, Francisco; Pavlišič, Andraž; Hrnjić, Armin; Hodnik, Nejc
Publicado en: Current opinion in electrochemistry, Edición 1, 2022, Página(s) 1-11, ISSN 2451-9103
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2022.101052

Inter‐relationships between Oxygen Evolution and Iridium Dissolution Mechanisms

Autores: Anja Lončar; Daniel Escalera‐López; Serhiy Cherevko; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Angewandte Chemie : International edition, Edición 4, 2021, Página(s) 1-12, ISSN 1433-7851
Editor: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114437

Recent progress in the development of advanced support materials for electrocatalysis

Autores: M. Smiljanić; I. Srejić; J. P. Georgijević; A. Maksić; M. Bele; N. Hodnik
Publicado en: ISSN: 2296-2646, Edición 8, 2023, ISSN 2296-2646
Editor: Frontiers
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1304063

Iridium Stabilizes Ceramic Titanium Oxynitride Support for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Autores: Gorazd Koderman Podboršek; Luka Suhadolnik; Anja Lončar; Marjan Bele; Armin Hrnjić; Živa Marinko; Janez Kovač; Anton Kokalj; Lea Gašparič; Angelja Kjara Surca; Ana Rebeka Kamšek; Goran Dražić; Miran Gaberšček; Nejc Hodnik; Primož Jovanovič
Publicado en: ACS Catalysis, Edición 2, 2022, Página(s) 15135–15145, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04160

Graphene-Derived Carbon Support Boosts Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Stability

Autores: Luka Pavko, Matija Gatalo, Matjaž Finšgar, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Konrad Ehelebe, Pascal Kaiser, Moritz Geuß, Tina Đukić, Angelja Kjara Surca, Martin Šala, Marjan Bele, Serhiy Cherevko, Boštjan Genorio, Nejc Hodnik, Miran Gaberšček
Publicado en: ACS Catalysis, Edición 12, 2022, Página(s) 9540–9548, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01753

Adjusting the Operational Potential Window as a Tool for Prolonging the Durability of Carbon-Supported Pt-Alloy Nanoparticles as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

Autores: Tina Đukić; Léonard Jean Moriau; Iva Klofutar; Martin Šala; Luka Pavko; Francisco Javier González López; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Andraž Pavlišič; Miha Hotko; Matija Gatalo; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Crossref, Edición 2, 2024, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c06251

Effect of the Morphology of the High-Surface-Area Support on the Performance of the Oxygen-Evolution Reaction for Iridium Nanoparticles

Autores: Leonard Moriau, Marjan Bele, Živa Marinko, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Gorazd Koderman Podboršek, Martin Šala, Angelja Kjara Šurca, Janez Kovač, Iztok Arčon, Primož Jovanovič, Nejc Hodnik, Luka Suhadolnik
Publicado en: ACS Catalysis, Edición 11/2, 2021, Página(s) 670-681, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04741

Intrinsic properties of nanoparticulate Ir-based catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction by AC voltammetry

Autores: Ožbej Vodeb; Anja Lončar; Marjan Bele; Armin Hrnjić; Primož Jovanovič; Miran Gaberšček; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Electrochimica acta, vol. 464, no. 142882, pp. 1-10, 2023., Edición 4, 2023, ISSN 0013-4686
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142882

Structure–Stability Relationships in Pt-Alloy Nanoparticles Using Identical-Location Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Unsupervised Machine Learning

Autores: Ana Rebeka Kamšek, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Marjan Bele, Anja Logar, Goran Dražić, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: ACS Nano, Edición 19, 2025, Página(s) 2334-2344, ISSN 1936-0851
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c12528

Temperature promotes selectivity during electrochemical CO₂ reduction on NiO:SnO₂ nanofibers

Autores: M. A. Rodriguez-Olguin, R. Lipin, M. Suominen, F. Ruiz-Zepeda, E. Castañeda-Morales, A. Manzo-Robledo, J. G. E. Gardeniers, C. Flox, T. Kallio, M. Vandichel, A. Susarrey-Arce
Publicado en: Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Edición 12, 2024, Página(s) 32821-32835, ISSN 2050-7488
Editor: Royal Society of Chemistry
DOI: 10.1039/d4ta04116j

Ir metal nanoparticles and IrO2 for acidic oxygen evolution reaction: Insight from Raman spectroscopy

Autores: Leonard Moriau; Mohammed Azeezulla Nazrulla; Anja Logar; Luka Pavko; Marjan Bele; Nejc Hodnik; Angelja Kjara Surca
Publicado en: Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2024, ISSN 2214-9937
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00901

Electrochemical Stability and Degradation Mechanisms of Commercial Carbon-Supported Gold Nanoparticles in Acidic Media

Autores: Milutin Smiljanić, Urša Petek, Marjan Bele, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Martin Šala, Primož Jovanovič, Miran Gaberšček, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Edición 125/1, 2021, Página(s) 635-647, ISSN 1932-7447
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10033

Towards improved online dissolution evaluation of Pt-alloy PEMFC electrocatalysts via electrochemical flow cell - ICP-MS setup upgrades

Autores: Leonard Moriau; Tina Đukić; Vojtech Domin; Roman Kodym; Martin Prokop; Karel Bouzek; Matija Gatalo; Martin Šala; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Electrochimica Acta, 2024, ISSN 0013-4686
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144200

Understanding the Crucial Significance of the Temperature and Potential Window on the Stability of Carbon Supported Pt-alloy Nanoparticles as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

Autores: Tina Đukić; Leonard Moriau; Luka Pavko; Mitja Kostelec; M. Prokop; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Martin Šala; Goran Dražić; Matija Gatalo; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: ACS Catalysis, Edición 12, 2021, Página(s) 101–115, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-sp3fs

Enhancing oxygen evolution functionality through anodization and nitridation of compositionally complex alloy

Autores: Luka Suhadolnik, Marjan Bele, Milutin Smiljanić, Goran Dražić, Lidija D. Rafailović, Daniela Neumüller, Martin Šala, Anja Logar, Nejc Hodnik, Miran Gaberšček, Janez Kovač, Urška Trstenjak, Tiziano Montini, Michele Melchionna, Paolo Fornasiero
Publicado en: Materials Today Chemistry, Edición 35, 2024, Página(s) 101835, ISSN 2468-5194
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101835

Periodic Anti-Phase Boundaries and Crystal Superstructures in Ptcu3 Nanoparticles as Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts

Autores: A.R. Kamšek; A. Meden; I. Arčon; P. Jovanovič; M. Šala; F. Ruiz-Zepeda; G. Dražić; M. Gaberšček; M. Bele; N. Hodnik
Publicado en: Materials Today Nano, Edición 3, 2023, ISSN 2588-8420
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4422221

Toward the Continuous Production of Multigram Quantities of Highly Uniform Supported Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Application for Synthesis of Superior Intermetallic Pt-Alloy ORR Electrocatalysts

Autores: Luka Pavko; Matija Gatalo; Gregor Križan; Janez Križan; Konrad Ehelebe; Konrad Ehelebe; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Martin Šala; Goran Dražić; Moritz Geuß; Moritz Geuß; Pascal Kaiser; Pascal Kaiser; Marjan Bele; Mitja Kostelec; Tina Đukić; Nigel Van de Velde; Ivan Jerman; Serhiy Cherevko; Nejc Hodnik; Bostjan Genorio; Miran Gaberscek
Publicado en: ACS applied energy materials, Edición 7, 2021, Página(s) 13819–13829, ISSN 2574-0962
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02570

The role of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy in unraveling the structure–property relationships of Pt-based fuel cells electrocatalysts

Autores: Lazar Bijelić; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: COBISS-ID: 6083354, Edición 2, 2024, ISSN 2052-1553
Editor: Royal Society of Chemistry
DOI: 10.1039/d3qi01998e

Improving the HER Activity and Stability of Pt Nanoparticles by Titanium Oxynitride Support

Autores: Milutin Smiljanić; Stefan Panić; Marjan Bele; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Luka Pavko; Lea Gašparič; Anton Kokalj; Miran Gaberšček; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: ACS Catalysis, Edición 1, 2022, Página(s) 13021–13033, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03214

Synthesis of strongly confined Bi2Te3 quantum dots by pulsed laser ablation in liquids

Autores: Rajendra Subedi, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Qiaohui Zhou, Xin Lu, Grégory Guisbiers
Publicado en: Materials Today Quantum, Edición 3, 2024, Página(s) 100011, ISSN 2950-2578
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtquan.2024.100011

Stability challenges of carbon-supported Pt-nanoalloys as fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts

Autores: Tina Đukić; Luka Pavko; Primož Jovanovič; Nik Maselj; Matija Gatalo; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Crossref, Edición 1, 2022, Página(s) 13832-13854, ISSN 1359-7345
Editor: Royal Society of Chemistry
DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05377b

Correlating oxygen functionalities and electrochemical durability of carbon supports for electrocatalysts

Autores: Luka Pavko; Matija Gatalo; Tina Đukić; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Angelja Kjara Surca; Martin Šala; Nik Maselj; Primož Jovanovič; Marjan Bele; Matjaž Finšgar; Boštjan Genorio; Nejc Hodnik; Miran Gaberšček
Publicado en: ISSN: 0008-6223, Edición 6, 2023, ISSN 0008-6223
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118458

Supported Iridium-based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts - Recent Developments

Autores: Leonard Moriau, Milutin Smiljanić, Anja Lončar, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: ChemCatChem, 2022, ISSN 1867-3880
Editor: Wiley - VCH Verlag GmbH & CO. KGaA
DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200586

Determination of the Electroactive Surface Area of Supported Ir-Based Oxygen Evolution Catalysts by Impedance Spectroscopy: Observed Anomalies with Respect to Catalyst Loading

Autores: Anja Lončar; Primož Jovanovič; Nejc Hodnik; Miran Gaberšček
Publicado en: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2023, ISSN 0013-4651
Editor: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/accaad

The role of nanoporosity in oxygen reduction reaction under elevated mass transport: Porous vs core-shell

Autores: Primož Jovanovič, Armin Hrnjić, Luka Pavko, Martin Šala, Francisco-Ruiz Zepeda, Marjan Bele, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Journal of Catalysis, Edición 443, 2025, Página(s) 115960, ISSN 0021-9517
Editor: Academic Press
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2025.115960

Sacrificial Cu Layer Mediated the Formation of an Active and Stable Supported Iridium Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst.

Autores: Anja Loncar; Daniel Escalera-López; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Armin Hrnjić; Martin Šala; Primož Jovanovič; Marjan Bele; Serhiy Cherevko; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: ACS Catalysis, Edición 11, 2021, Página(s) 12510–12519, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02968

Nanotubular TiO_<i>x</i>N_<i>y</i>-Supported Ir Single Atoms and Clusters as Thin-Film Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Acid Media

Autores: Suhadolnik, Luka; Bele, Marjan; Čekada, Miha; Jovanovič, Primož; Maselj, Nik; Lončar, Anja; Dražić, Goran; Šala, Martin; Hodnik, Nejc; Kovač, Janez; Montini, Tiziano; Melchionna, Michele; Fornasiero, Paolo
Publicado en: Chemistry of materials 35 (2023): 2612–2623. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00125, Edición 9, 2023, ISSN 0897-4756
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00125

Metal–Support Interaction between Titanium Oxynitride and Pt Nanoparticles Enables Efficient Low-Pt-Loaded High-Performance Electrodes at Relevant Oxygen Reduction Reaction Current Densities

Autores: Armin Hrnjić; Ana Rebeka Kamšek; Lazar Bijelić; Anja Logar; Nik Maselj; Milutin Smiljanić; Jan Trputec; Natan Vovk; Luka Pavko; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Marjan Bele; Primož Jovanovič; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: ACS catalysis, Edición 1, 2024, ISSN 2155-5435
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03883

Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Break‐In/Conditioning of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Autores: Mitja Kostelec, Matija Gatalo, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: The Chemical Record, Edición 24, 2024, ISSN 1527-8999
Editor: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400114

Alternative and facile production pathway towards obtaining high surface area PtCo/C intermetallic catalysts for improved PEM fuel cell performance

Autores: Philipp A. Heizmann; Hien Nguyen; Miriam von Holst; Andreas Fischbach; Mitja Kostelec; Francisco Javier Gonzalez Lopez; Marjan Bele; Luka Pavko; Tina Đukić; Martin Šala; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Carolin Klose; Matija Gatalo; Nejc Hodnik; Severin Vierrath; Matthias Breitwieser
Publicado en: RSC Advances, Edición 5, 2023, ISSN 2046-2069
Editor: Royal Society of Chemistry
DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07780a

Suppressing Platinum Electrocatalyst Degradation via a High-Surface-Area Organic Matrix Support

Autores: Milutin Smiljanić; Marjan Bele; Léonard Jean Moriau; John Fredy Vélez Santa; Svit Menart; Martin Šala; Armin Hrnjić; Primož Jovanovič; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Miran Gaberšček; Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: ACS Omega, Edición 7, 2022, Página(s) 3540-3548, ISSN 2470-1343
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06028

Observing, tracking and analysing electrochemically induced atomic-scale structural changes of an individual Pt-Co nanoparticle as a fuel cell electrocatalyst by combining modified floating electrode and identical location electron microscopy

Autores: Armin Hrnjic, Ana Rebeka Kamšek, Andraž Pavlišič, Martin Šala, Marjan Bele, Leonard Moriau, Matija Gatalo, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Primož Jovanovič, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Electrochimica Acta, Edición 388, 2021, Página(s) 138513, ISSN 0013-4686
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138513

Mechanistic Study of Fast Performance Decay of PtCu Alloy-based Catalyst Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Autores: Maximilian Grandi; Matija Gatalo; Ana Rebeka Kamšek; Gregor Kapun; Kurt Mayer; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Martin Šala; Bernhard Marius; Marjan Bele; Nejc Hodnik; Merit Bodner; Miran Gaberšček; Viktor Hacker
Publicado en: Materials, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 3544 (2023), Edición 14, 2023, ISSN 1996-1944
Editor: MDPI Open Access Publishing
DOI: 10.3390/ma16093544

Importance of Chemical Activation and the Effect of Low Operation Voltage on the Performance of Pt-Alloy Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts

Autores: Matija Gatalo; Alejandro Martinez Bonastre; Léonard Jean Moriau; Harriet Burdett; Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda; Edwin Hughes; Adam Hodgkinson; Martin Šala; Luka Pavko; Marjan Bele; Nejc Hodnik; Jonathan Sharman; Miran Gaberšček
Publicado en: ACS Applied Energy Materials, Edición 1, 2022, Página(s) 8862–8877, ISSN 2574-0962
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c01359

Atomically-resolved structural changes of ceramic supported nanoparticulate oxygen evolution reaction Ir catalyst

Autores: Gorazd Koderman Podboršek, Ana Rebeka Kamšek, Anja Lončar, Marjan Bele, Luka Suhadolnik, Primož Jovanovič, Nejc Hodnik
Publicado en: Electrochimica Acta, Edición 10, 2022, Página(s) 140800, ISSN 0013-4686
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140800

Be Aware of Transient Dissolution Processes in Co₃O₄ Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts

Autores: Tatiana Priamushko, Evanie Franz, Anja Logar, Lazar Bijelić, Patrick Guggenberger, Daniel Escalera-López, Matej Zlatar, Jörg Libuda, Freddy Kleitz, Nejc Hodnik, Olaf Brummel, Serhiy Cherevko
Publicado en: Journal of the American Chemical Society, Edición 147, 2025, Página(s) 3517-3528, ISSN 0002-7863
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c14952

Benchmarking Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Gas Diffusion Electrodes: Inter-lab Comparison and Best Practices

Autores: Konrad Ehelebe; Nicolai Schmitt; Gustav Sievers; Anders W. Jensen; Armin Hrnjić; Pablo Collantes Jiménez; Pascal Kaiser; Moritz Geuß; Yu-Ping Ku; Primož Jovanovič; Karl J. J. Mayrhofer; Bastian Etzold; Nejc Hodnik; María Escudero-Escribano; Matthias Arenz; Serhiy Cherevko
Publicado en: ACS Energy Letters, Edición 8, 2022, Página(s) 816-826, ISSN 2380-8195
Editor: American Chemical Society
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02659

“<i>Nano Lab</i>” Advanced Characterization Platform for Studying Electrocatalytic Iridium Nanoparticles Dispersed on TiO_<i>x</i>N_<i>y</i> Supports Prepared on Ti Transmission Electron Microscopy Grids

Autores: Bele, Marjan; Podboršek, Gorazd Koderman; Lončar, Anja; Jovanovič, Primož; Hrnjić, Armin; Marinko, Živa; Kovač, Janez; Surca, Angelja Kjara; Kamšek, Ana Rebeka; Dražić, Goran; Hodnik, Nejc; Suhadolnik, Luka
Publicado en: ACS applied nano materials, Edición 12, 2023, ISSN 2574-0970
Editor: ACS
DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c01368

Origins of Nanoalloy Catalysts Degradation during Membrane Electrode Assembly Fabrication

Autores: Michal Ronovský, Olivia Dunseath, Tomáš Hrbek, Peter Kúš, Matija Gatalo, Shlomi Polani, Jan Kubát, Daniel Götz, Hridya Nedumkulam, Andrea Sartori, Enrico Petrucco, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Nejc Hodnik, Alex Martinez Bonastre, Peter Strasser, Jakub Drnec
Publicado en: ACS Energy Letters, Edición 9, 2024, Página(s) 5251-5258, ISSN 2380-8195
Editor: ACS Publications
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c02350

Modified Floating Electrode Apparatus for Advanced Characterization of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts

Autores: Armin Hrnjić, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Miran Gaberšček, Marjan Bele, Luka Suhadolnik, Nejc Hodnik, Primož Jovanovič
Publicado en: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Edición 167/16, 2020, Página(s) 166501, ISSN 1945-7111
Editor: Journal of the Electrochemical Society
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/abc9de

Iridium nanoparticles for oxygen evolution reaction on carbon and TiO2 supports from a Raman perspective

Autores: Leonard Moriau, Ivan Marić, Marjan Bele, Anja Logar, Nejc Hodnik, Angelja K. Surca
Publicado en: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Edición 100, 2025, Página(s) 214-221, ISSN 0360-3199
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.337