Perceptual learning is enabled by repeated practice, inducing use-dependent plasticity in early visual areas and their readouts. But is this the only route, or do other forms of more economic learning exist? This project aims to challenge the fundamental assumption in perceptual learning that only 'practice makes perfect', hypothesizing that brief reactivations of visual memories induce efficient rapid perceptual learning, mediated by increased interactions between early-visual and high-level regions. The objectives are: (1) To reveal the neurobehavioural mechanisms by which brief exposure to learned information modulates brain plasticity and supports rapid learning, using psychophysics and fMRI-neuronavigated brain stimulation (TMS). (2) To understand the links to consolidation and sleep dynamics. (3) To identify how these novel mechanisms interact across learning disciplines, using closed-loop TMS-EEG. (4) To test the hypothesis that similar inherent mechanisms may also result in maladaptive consequences, when brief reactivations occur spontaneously as intrusive enhanced memories following negative events. Unraveling the mechanisms of this new form of rapid learning could reshape learning theories across domains, setting the foundations to enhance learning in daily life when beneficial, and to downregulate maladaptive consequences of negative memories.