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Transneuronal tracing with rhabdovirus markers was employed to visualize the entire neuronal network involved in the control of one eye muscle. The lateral rectus muscle was chosen as an example to represent the eye movement network, involving six muscles in each eye. This novel technology has considerable advantages over traditional methods that allow only single-step tracing of neuronal projection areas: first, the tracer may travel across an unlimited number of relays, and the number of visualized relays is time-dependent. Second, the signal does not get diminished, since the tracer is an active, replicating agent.
The results will indicate the entirety of a neuronal network involved in behavioral and perceptual functions, correlate the findings to psychophysical events in humans, and may offer new insights in medical diagnostics and possible new therapeutic approaches.
The first results demonstrated the power of this technology. Initial steps of transfer enabled visualization of basic compensatory eye movement circuits, the vestibulo-ocular reflex arcs, and immediate projection areas, such as the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, (velocity-to-position integration of vestibulo-ocular reflex signals), the brainstem rapid eye movement generation network, and the cerebellar relays thought to play a role in adaptive plasticity of eye movement circuits. Long time points demonstrated the vastness of the eye movement network, overlapping with a number of related perceptual and behavioral functions, such as movement and self-movement detection and attentional modulation, navigation, voluntary control of eye movements, and even emotional involvement.
Complementary neurophysiological and functional brain imaging studies demonstrated the physiological role and modular organization of specific eye movement areas, as well as a high degree of integration between circuits controlling eye and eyelid movements. Finally, human brain material was processed to provide correlation of experimental data with the human brain, essential for future diagnostic and therapeutic benefits resulting from this investigation.
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