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Contenido archivado el 2022-12-23

Mechanism and dynamics of explosions during lava dome eruptions

Objetivo

Background and Aim
The sudden transition between the slow extrusion of a lava dome and a violent, potentially devastating explosion is a common feature of many historical volcanic eruptions. During such a transition the magma discharge rate increases by several orders of magnitude in a very short period. These events are currently completely unpredictable because the conditions leading to the transition have not been determined. As a result, they have often lead to great loss of life and property damage. The aim of the project is to determine the conditions favourable for generating sudden explosions during lava-dome growth. Such sudden explosions are highly hazardous and have major implications for civil defence in volcanic regions.

Specific Objectives
- Observe active volcanoes for changes in the physical properties of magma and the flow characteristics prior to explosive eruptions via collection of seismic data, visual observations and sampling of the products during the eruption. The currently active Shiveluch Volcano on Kamchatka will be used as a case study.
- Measure the physical properties of natural samples of magma including petrology, rheology, gas diffusivity, and permeability;
- Mathematical (numerical) modelling of the conditions in ascending magma during lava-dome growth and transition of eruption to explosive phase to determine conditions for onset of an explosion;
- Key dynamic processes in ascending magma (specifically: bubble coalescence, fragmentation and rheology) will be investigated through experiments on natural and analogue materials and flows;
- Integration of field observations, laboratory measurements and physical and mathematical simulations to issue recommendations for monitoring of active volcanoes with specific reference to the conditions indicative of the onset of sudden catastrophic events.
Research Activities and Expected Outputs
A key output of this research project will be a numerical model of dome eruptions that will allow determination of the ranges of possible gas overpressures and hence estimate conditions favourable for the onset of an explosive eruption of an ascending magma and hence to predict the controlling parameters of the explosion and make quantitative estimates of the potential hazards of a particular eruption. The models will be based on existing models for the conduit flow in the case of lava dome growth and fore explosive volcanic eruptions.

A range of theoretical, experimental and field studies on specific sub-issues are proposed that will provide data and empirical and theoretical relationships to enable the model to be extended to predict transitions between those two regimes. Specific issues that will be addressed are: pressure disequilibrium between interconnected gas bubbles and melt phase, velocity disequilibrium between gas and particles, the finite value of the diffusion coefficient of volatiles in magma, gas loss due to permeability, bubble nucleation and coalescence, rheological properties of magmas and multiphase flows, and fragmentation conditions. The model will be tested against field observations of Shiveluch Volcano, Kamchatka, which is currently erupting in this style. The final output will be a set of recommendations for use in civil defence scenarios involving these highly-hazardous eruptions.

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Coordinador

University of Bristol
Aportación de la UE
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Dirección
Queens Road, Wills Memorial Building
BS8 1RJ Bristol
Reino Unido

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Participantes (6)

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