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The goal of this project is to study electron transport in nanostructures, with special emphasis on the novel effects predicted and/or observed in systems composed of normal or semiconducting and superconducting material. The interplay between coherence, charging effects, level quantization and electron tunnelling yields a rich variety of new phenomena extending from fundamental physics questions to applications such as current standard or highly sensitive measurements of voltages and magnetic fields. The project will study: charging effects in normal metal, superconductor junction systems, including parity effects, Andreev reflection, and the cross-over from tunnelling to transport barriers, quantum fluctuations and coherence in Josephson junction arrays, including the properties of quantum vortices and glassy states, interaction effects in quantum transport, and macroscopic quantum phenomena subject to dissipation. The Russian participants have permanent positions at renowned institutions in Moscow. They have all visited the participating groups in western Europe before, in part for extended periods, and a large number of publications, including joint publications, have emerged. The work in the project is mostly theoretical but at all times close attention will be paid to experiments.
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