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To address the critical aspects in the utilisation chain biomass - fast pyrolysis liquid production-utilisation the following objectives have been defined:
-Generating performance, emission and cost data for bio fuel oil utilisation schemes focusing on the market quality of the liquid.
-Developing downstream units of liquid production, improving the liquid quality, and establishing fundamental understanding of biomass pyrolysis.
-Establishing a network of potential liquid producers and users.
Applications developed include pyrolysis liquid (bio fuel oil, BFO) as a fuel for oil boilers and diesel power plants, the emphasis being in the first application. Market quality of BFO is critical for utilisation. BFO specifications were outlined for two applications:
-Use of BFO in boilers replacing heavy fuel oil
-Use of BFO as diesel power plant fuel.
A total of about 70 tonnes of BFO were produced within the project.
Combustion tests in a 200 kW and a 4 MW boilers were successfully carried out. Performance and emissions were comparable to those when fired with light and heavy fuel oils, respectively. In addition, fundamental combustion data was generated, which may be used in comparing combustion characteristics of different BFOs. Fundamental data generated is applicable to all BFO combustion applications (boilers, engines, combustion turbines).
A quick stability test (24 hours at 80 degrees Celsius) has been developed for a comparison of the stability of different pyrolysis liquids. A change in viscosity is observed. This test corresponds roughly the viscosity change of a pyrolysis liquid in a years storage at ambient temperature.
BFO treatment and handling in industrial scale is reported for the first time within a European project. Properties of BFO are not at all similar to the properties of mineral oils, and corresponding measures have to be taken.
Two approaches were used in BFO quality improvement:
-Hot vapour filtration (HVF) in pyrolysis
-Chemical modification of BFO.
HVF will be continued in larger scale. Chemical modification was not successful. The failure in the upgrading of BFO is primarily due to the lack of understanding of pyrolysis chemistry. It is advisable, before continuing any research on catalytic upgrading, to study the chemistry of the pyrolysis vapour alone and the chemical changes involved in the oil ageing. It was shown that improving the present BFO fuel quality is necessary. Markets, where BFO might be competitive, were identified in Sweden, Finland, and Italy. However, producing transportation fuels is not competitive, because of the low yield and high processing costs.
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