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Chemical sensors for in vivo monitoring

Objectif

1) Identify clinical problems which are amenable to solution by methods employing in vivo sensors.

2) Identify analytes, the continuous monitoring of which by sensors will be of value in clinical diagnosis, treatment and research.

3) Identify the most appropriate site for continuous sensing.

4) Play a role in the nomenclature and standardisation of the use of sensors in vivo by interaction with bodies such as the Biosensors Group and the ISE Group of IUPAC.

5) Formulate a device strategy, ie a notion of the most appropriate configuration based on the intended clinical use, the analyte to be measured, the duration of sensing and the sensing site.

6) Carefully define the operating characteristics for each applications.

7) Match the available sensing technologies with various intended uses.

8) Review the various techniques and possibilities for packaging.

9) Identify the need for new technology.

10) Promote the design and development of new sensors and sensor systems specifically for continuous use both ex vivo (particularly in conjunction with artificial organs such as the artificial pancreas and kidney) and in vivo monitoring. These systems will include enzyme electrodes, Ta2O2 FET's, ENFET's, optrodes, sterile sampling techniques and other immobilised enzyme configurations including flow injection analysis. Attention will also be paid to the associated electronic hardware and software including general interfacing, telemetry techniques and feed back control algorithms.

11) Organise in vitro and in vivo animal and human testing of prototype sensor designs and explore potential difficulties specifically related to implantable devices. Examine safety problems associated with the use of sensors in vivo and assist with providing information for ethical committees.

12) Identify the need for new (patho)-physiological information which will aid sensor development.

13) Promote the application of recent microengineering and biotechnological developments for use in in vivo sensing to produce more stable, biocompatible and specific receptor molecules for analytes of interest.

14) Establish a European network of scientists working in the fields of biosensors and bioprobes, thus facilitating future collaboration and information exchange.
A study has been carried out to identify clinical problems which are amenable to solution by methods employing in vivo sensors. A database has been set up using information from questionnaires sent to participants and information on technologies has been distributed throughout Europe. Through exchanges, different groups have learnt new techniques and collaboration has occurred between different centres.

Activity focused on subcutaneous glucose monitoring for diabetes, and intravascular oxygen and ion monitoring for critical care. Common standards for the evaluation and use of continuous invasive glucose sensors were agreed. Device strategies were formulated, defining the necessary characteristics and matching them with available technologies. The need for new technology was identified and the development of these systems was promoted, with particular attention to packaging. Recent developments in noninvasive methods were critically evaluated. Clinical testing of sensors was organised and the need for new physiological information identified.

The collaboration and exchange of information resulted in fabrication and testing of new devices for in vivo monitoring, with particular advances in glucose sensors.

The study also identified centres developing oxygen sensors and ion sensors for hydrogen, potassium, calcium and sodium ions. A number of other centres are developing measuring systems for other analytes (eg urea, carbon dioxide, lactate, pyruvate) initially for in vitro use. Other areas of research are in neuroscience (neurotransmitter measurement) and dentistry (chondroitin-4-sulphate measurement).

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Coordinateur

Cranfield Institute of Technology
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Adresse
Cranfield
MK43 0AL Bedford
Royaume-Uni

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