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The project has demonstrated that travel reduction has been achieved over a wide variety of circumstances and by a variety of means: it has been achieved though policies for restraining car use, promoting alternatives to car use, land use planning and technological solutions, and has been demonstrated in all countries studied and at all scales of application. A range of agents and individuals can make valuable contribution to travel reduction, from local authorities and national governments to employers and transport operators.
Broadly, it can be concluded that travel reduction is most likely to occur where a series of policies are in operation which reinforce each other towards the objectives of travel reduction. Thus, examples have been shown in which strategy packages combine restraint on car use with promotion of alternatives (i.e. which include both carrot and stick measures).
The project has also identified three significant caveats. Firstly, it has been seen that travel reduction is often difficult to quantify, and must be deduced indirectly. This means that the assessment of - and potentially the justification for - travel reduction strategies is not necessarily straightforward. Secondly, it has been seen that sometimes travel might be pinned down in one instance, but might be released elsewhere, or that any freed-up vehicles or roadspace may be used by others. This points to the need for a co-ordinated and consistent approach to achieve the best possible results. Thirdly, in some cases any travel reduction gains are overwhelmed by travel growth in a relatively short period of time. Nevertheless, successes of a small magnitude have the potential to be replicated elsewhere to achieve greater travel reduction benefits on a wider scale.
Overall, it has been found that careful development and implementation of policies can create successful conditions in which travel reduction may be achieved. Awareness of potential barriers and pitfalls - cases where contradictory outcomes result - can help achieve success. The role of public information is also particularly important, in order to encourage a change in attitude to travel, and hence a shift in behaviour.
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