Biofouling research results will help scientists see more clearly
Scientists working underwater should be able to see more clearly in future, following a report, which includes an overview of some of the most significant results arising form the European Commission's Fourth Framework Programme MAST 3 project "Biofouling reduction on Optical Systems". It details the results of an extensive study of biofilm formation (when marine organisms attach to solid substrates) on glass at three European sites during an entire fouling season. The results do vary, but, in general, they show similar trends. Underwater optical devices were substantially affected by the formation of biofilms, particularly those that measured flux. Underwater cameras were also affected by suffering from loss of contrast. Another study detailed in the report looked at many different types of coatings, used to deter fouling organisms. It showed how some hybrid organic/inorganic coating systems actually reduced the formation of biofilms. Hydrogel-coating systems also demonstrated a capability to delay colonization by biofouling organisms for periods of several months. Another investigation, on the effects of glass chemistry, showed that, for short-term missions, there are some advantages to be gained from careful selection of the type of optical glass. An in-depth study of electrical methods resulted in the development of two techniques (hypochlorite production and the use of ultraviolet light) which are particularly effective at preventing the build-up of biofilms. Descriptions of other techniques, which also helped to limit the production of biofouling, are also included. In addition, the report includes guidance on selecting appropriate methods to prevent biofouling for different optical devices, and summarizes the relative effectiveness and limitations of the different technologies currently available.