Periodic Reporting for period 2 - CHYLA (Credible HYbrid eLectric Aircraft)
Período documentado: 2021-12-01 hasta 2023-05-31
The identification of such a landscape of opportunities and limitations of key technology applications should benefit the development of (more) sustainable and environmentally friendly aircraft, to reduce the climate impact of aviation in the future and sustain general travel needs and desires with cleaner means of transportation. Such a landscape may steer future research efforts in the most relevant directions in order to mature technologies and their applications. With all partners being educational institutes, CHYLA’s developments and research directly contribute to the education of new generations of aerospace engineers.
A notional landscape of the application areas across the different vehicle classes is presented in the attached image. This image also summarizes the key results for the project.
Overall it may be concluded that:
1) For general aviation, up to ~600kg payload can be transported fully electrically over ranges up to 400km, beyond this up to 600km a serial hybrid electric powertrain is beneficial with respect to conventional kerosene.
2) For commuter aircraft, with 19 passengers, a serial hybrid electric powertrain is limited to 180km range when it has to remain within CS23 weight limit, or 10 passengers at ~300km. Beyond this range, CS25 regulations are applicable.
3) For regional propeller aircraft a clear trend emerges with between 10 and maximum 20% supplied battery power (to remain within 36m span limit): serial hybrid electric is outperformed by parallel boosted turboprop, which are both outperformed by the most complex hybrid electric powertrain. However, during off-design operation this may be different. Off-design operation is particularly interesting because fuel savings with respect kerosene aircraft (up to 50% fuel savings depending on the particular design for 70 passengers transported over 500km).
4) For larger jet airliners, liquid hydrogen combustion is the only potentially feasible solution though it comes at the cost of more weight and longer fuselage. The latter may be challenging in terms of airport limits and may require a double deck design.
5) High-power charging facilities: >400kW are required; Charging time is seen to have a relatively large impact on fleet electrification
Reporting period 2 focused primarily on generating the results for the different design, optimization and sensitivity studies. Additionally, several interesting developments have been made that form key exploitable results for the project. A summary is presented below. Full list (10+ articles) and links to dissemination can be found on:
https://www.tudelft.nl/lr/chyla-project/publications
- Credibility-based MDO method: PhD study + Education; (https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2023-1847 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367319125_Credibility-Based_Multidisciplinary_Design_Optimisation_of_Electric_Aircraft , http://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2022/data/papers/ICAS2022_0850_paper.pdf , submitted to AIAA journal of aircraft)
- EGO constraint optimization: PhD study + Education; (submitted to AIAA journal of aircraft)
- (Hybrid) Electric Energy Network: PhD study + future projects; (http://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2022/data/papers/ICAS2022_0850_paper.pdf , https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361451255_An_Integrated_Framework_for_Energy_Network_Modeling_in_Hybrid-Electric_Aircraft_Conceptual_Design)
- Off-design performance analysis for hybrid electric aircraft: CA projects (HERA) + other research projects + education (MSc research); (https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2023-2098 http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:cc9b9cb3-292a-4056-9575-8f70396eb2bf , submitted to CEAS 2023 conference , to be submitted to AIAA journal of aircraft)
- Regional Operative Scenario: CA projects (HERA) + other research projects + PhD research + education (MSc research); (submitted to AIAA Aviation 2023 and CEAS 2023)
- Coupled aircraft design & strategic airline planning & climate optimization: CA projects (HERA) + other research projects + PhD research + education (MSc research); (submitted to AIAA Aviation 2023)
- Development of sizing method and assessment of hydrogen tank integration: PhD research + education + other research project; (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-022-00601-6)
In terms of progress beyond the state of the art, the following contributions have been made:
- Credibility-based MDO method
- EGO algorithm for constraint optimization
- (Hybrid) Electric Energy Network
- Off-design performance analysis for hybrid electric aircraft
- Development of sizing method and assessment of hydrogen tank integration
- Coupled aircraft design & strategic airline planning & climate optimization
- Regional Operative Scenario for hybrid and electric aircraft