Bring Reinforcement-learning Into Radio Light Network for Massive Connections

Informations projet

6G BRAINS

N° de convention de subvention: 101017226

DOI 10.3030/101017226

Projet clôturé

Date de signature de la CE 8 Decembre 2020

Date de début 1 Janvier 2021

Date de fin 31 Decembre 2023

Financé au titre de

• INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP - Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies - Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Coût total € 5 671 971,25

Contribution de l’UE € 5 671 971,25

Coordonné par

EURESCOM-EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND STRATEGIC STUDIES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS GMBH
Germany

Livrables

Documents, reports (20)

AI driven Resource Allocation for High Dynamic Ultra-dense D2D Network

Report on the AI driven Resource Allocation for High Dynamic Ultra-dense D2D Network .

Design and Description of the Intelligent IAB and RmUE/mUE over High Dynamic Ultra-dense D2D Cell Free Network

Design and Description of the Intelligent IAB and RmUEmUE over High Dynamic Ultradense D2D Cell Free Network

Analysis of new radio waveforms for the THz and OWC from multiband simulations
3D Laser measurement of one factory at Bosch with 3D cloud scanner and 3D hand scanner
E2E network slicing control enablers

E2E network slicing control enablers components developed and APIs started to be integrated Focus on T51T52

3D Measurement results and evaluation of Location Functions
Final specification and evaluation of human-centric control interfaces for advanced industrial scenarios

Final specification and evaluation of human-centric control interfaces for advanced industrial scenarios.

Preliminary integration for AI-based E2E network slicing control and MANO

Preliminary integration for AI-based E2E network slicing control and MANO (partially integrated E2E network slicing with complete control + first AI + first MANO – Focus on T5.3+T5.4 plus updates on T5.1+T5.2 integration)

Network Requirements, Key Function Blocks and System Architecture

Network Requirements Key Function Blocks and System Architecture

Specifications of Learning Datasets for AI Engines and Performance KPIs
Definition and Description of the 6G BRAINS Primary Use Cases and Derivation of User Requirements
Integrated Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping
Modelling of Intelligent IAB and Hybrid User Terminal Optimised by the Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning
3D Location Simulation Models and Lab Prototypes
Description and Analysis Results of the 6G BRAINS Secondary Use Cases
Hybrid deterministic/stochastic ray-tracing based channel model for multiband analysis in industry scenario
Specifications and upgrade of multiband channel sounder for quad-band measurements at sub-6 GHz + mmWave + THz + OWC in industry scenarios

Specifications and upgrade of multiband channel sounder for quadband measurements at sub6 GHz mmWave THz OWC in industry scenarios

Technical Specification of the 3D Location Architecture
Measurement for User Cases and Proof of Concept Performance KPIs

The deliverable captures the measurable proof of concept performance KPIs Output of T24

Multiband characterization of propagation in industry scenarios

Publications

Peer reviewed articles (16)

LOS Analysis for Localisation in High Frequency Systems

Auteurs: Ali Mahbas, John Cosmas, Jiangzhou Wang, Sarmad Mueen
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2023, ISSN 1536-1276
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/twc.2023.3331657

E2E Network Slice Management Framework for 5G Multi-tenant Networks

Auteurs: Enrique Chirivella-Perez; Pablo Salva-Garcia; Ignacio Sanchez-Navarro; Jose Alcaraz Calero; Qi Wang
Publié dans: Journal of Communications and Networks, Numéro Volume: 25, Numéro 3, 2023, Page(s) 392-404, ISSN 1229-2370
Éditeur: Korean Institute of Communication Sciences
DOI: 10.23919/jcn.2023.000019

Spectral and Energy Efficiency of ACO-OFDM in Visible Light Communication Systems

Auteurs: Shuai Ma, Ruixin Yang, Xiong Deng, Member, IEEE, Xintong Ling, Member, IEEE, Xun Zhang, Fuhui Zhou, Shiyin Li, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Numéro Early Access, 2022, Page(s) 1-1, ISSN 1536-1276
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/twc.2022.3145288

Spectral and Energy Efficiency of ACO-OFDM in Visible Light Communication Systems

Auteurs: Shuai Ma, Ruixin Yang, Xiong Deng, Xintong Ling, Xun Zhang, Fuhui Zhou, Shiyin Li, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Numéro 21, 2021, Page(s) 2147-2161, ISSN 1536-1276
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/twc.2021.3109735

Joint Visible Light Sensing and Communication Using m-CAP Modulation

Auteurs: Lina Shi; Bastien Béchadergue; Luc Chassagne; Hongyu Guan
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Numéro Volume: 69, Numéro: 1, 2022, Page(s) 276-288, ISSN 0018-9316
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/tbc.2022.3201649

RAN Engine: Service-Oriented RAN Through Containerized Micro-Services

Auteurs: Robert Schmidt, Navid Nikaein
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, Numéro 18/1, 2021, Page(s) 469-481, ISSN 1932-4537
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/tnsm.2021.3057642

5GTopoNet: Real-time topology discovery and management on 5G multi-tenant networks

Auteurs: Ignacio Sanchez-Navarro, Ana Serrano Mamolar, Qi Wang, Jose Alcaraz Calero
Publié dans: Future Generation Computer Systems, Numéro 114, 2021, Page(s) 435-447, ISSN 0167-739X
Éditeur: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2020.08.025

Physics-Based Modeling of GaN MQW LED for Visible Light Communication Systems

Auteurs: Day Shi, Xun Zhang, Ziqi Liu, Xuanbang Chen, Xiadong Liu, Jintao Wang, Jian Song, Andrei Vladimirescu
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Numéro 71, 2023, Page(s) 337-342, ISSN 0018-9383
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/ted.2023.3312632

Spectral and Energy Efficiency of DCO-OFDM in Visible Light Communication Systems with Finite-Alphabet Inputs

Auteurs: Xun Zhang
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2022, ISSN 1536-1276
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Empirical evaluation of 5G and Wi-Fi mesh interworking for Integrated Access and Backhaul networking paradigm

Auteurs: Mohamed Khadmaoui-Bichouna, Jose Alcaraz Calero, Qi Wang
Publié dans: Computer Communications, Numéro 209, 2023, Page(s) 429443, ISSN 0140-3664
Éditeur: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.comcom.2023.07.007

Measurement Campaign on 5G Indoor millimeter Wave and Visible Light Communications Multi Component Carrier System

Auteurs: Kareem Ali, John Cosmas, Yue Zhang, Hequn Zhang, Ben Meunier, Nawar Jawad, Xun Zhang, Lina Shi, James Gbadamosi, Atanas Savov
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Numéro Volume 68, issue 1, 2021, Page(s) 156-170, ISSN 0018-9316
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/tbc.2021.3120918

Deep reinforcement learning based dynamic power allocation for uplink device-to-device enabled cell-free network

Auteurs: Guoqing Xia, Huiyu Zhou, Yue Zhang, Lu Ge
Publié dans: 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting, 2022, ISSN 2155-5052
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/bmsb55706.2022.9828568

Adaptive Network Slicing in Multi-Tenant 5G IoT Networks

Auteurs: Antonio Matencio Escolar, Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero, Pablo Salva-Garcia, Jorge Bernal Bernabe, Qi Wang
Publié dans: IEEE Access, Numéro 9, 2021, Page(s) 14048-14069, ISSN 2169-3536
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3051940

VINIA: Voice-Enabled Intent-Based Networking for Industrial Automation

Auteurs: Raul Barbosa, Joao Fonseca, Marco Araujo, Daniel Corujo
Publié dans: Computer Science and Information Systems, 2024, ISSN 2406-1018
Éditeur: ComSIS Journal
DOI: 10.2298/csis230213002b

MDD-Enabled Two-Tier Terahertz Fronthaul in Indoor Industrial Cell-Free Massive MIMO

Auteurs: Bohn Li, Diego Dupleich, Guoqing Xia, Huiyu Zhou, Yue Zhang, Pei Xiao, Lie-Liang Yang
Publié dans: IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2023, Page(s) 1, ISSN 0090-6778
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/tcomm.2023.3330893

An eBPF-XDP hardware-based network slicing architecture for future 6G front- to back-haul networks

Auteurs: Ruben Ricart-Sanchez, Pablo Salva-Garcia, Jose Alcaraz Calero, Qi Wang, Octavio Herrera-Ruiz
Publié dans: IEEE Transaction on Network and Service Management (TNSM), 2023, ISSN 1932-4537
Éditeur: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/tnsm.2023.3329942

Conference proceedings (20)

Intent-Based E2E Network Slice Management for Industry 4.0

Auteurs: Enrique Chirivella-Perez, Pablo Salva-Garcia, Ruben Ricart-Sanchez, Jose Alcaraz Calero, Qi Wang
Publié dans: 2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), 2021, Page(s) 353-358, ISBN 978-1-6654-1526-2
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/eucnc/6gsummit51104.2021.9482575

6G BRAINS: Multiband Channel Sounding and RT Modelling in Industrial Scenarios

Auteurs: Diego Dupleich
Publié dans: 2023
Éditeur: 6G-BRAINS
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10650067

Environment-Aware RSSI Based Positioning Algorithm for Random Angle Interference Cancellation in Visible Light Positioning System

Auteurs: Yanqi Huang; Dayu Shi; Xun Zhang; El-Hassane Aglzim; Lina Shi
Publié dans: 2021 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), 2021, ISBN 978-1-6654-0402-0
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/ipin51156.2021.9662595

Experimental Testing of High-Capacity Bandwidth Efficient Visible Light Communication with Silicon-based RGBY-LED

Auteurs: Yuhao Wang; Xuanbang Chen; Xiaodong Liu; Zhenghai Wang; Lisu Yu; Xun Zhang
Publié dans: 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), 2021, ISBN 978-1-6654-4908-3
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547164

From 3D Point Cloud Data to Ray-tracing Multi-band Simulations in Industrial Scenario

Auteurs: Han Niu, Diego Dupleich, Yanneck Volker-Schoneberg, Alexander Ebert, Robert Muller, Joseph Eichinger, Alexander Artemenko, Giovanni Del Galdo, Reiner S. Thoma
Publié dans: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/9860273/proceeding, Numéro 1, 2022, Page(s) 1-5, ISBN 978-1-6654-8243-1
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9861002

From Sub-6 GHz to mm-Wave: Simultaneous Multi-band Characterization of Propagation from Measurements in Industry Scenarios

Auteurs: Diego Dupleich, Niu Han, Alexander Ebert, Robert Müller, Stephan Ludwig, Alexander Artemenko, Josef Eiching, Tobias Geiss, Giovanni Del Galdo, Reiner Thomä
Publié dans: 2022 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Numéro 1, 2022, Page(s) 1-5, ISBN 978-1-6654-1604-7
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.23919/eucap53622.2022.9768944

A Joint Backscatter and VLC-NOMA Communication Scheme for B5G/6G umMTC System

Auteurs: Xun Zhang, Dayu SHI, Lina Shi
Publié dans: 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), 2021, ISBN 978-1-6654-4908-3
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547027

Measurement-based Analysis of Multi-band Assisted Beam-forming at mmWave in IndustrialScenarios

Auteurs: Diego Dupleich, Alexander Ebert, Reiner Thomä
Publié dans: 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Numéro 17th, 2023, ISBN 978-1-6654-7541-9
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.23919/eucap57121.2023.10133694

OWC channel measurement testbed building in indoor environment with M-CAP modulation

Auteurs: Ziqi Liu, Xun Zhang, Bastien Béchadergue
Publié dans: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), 2023, ISSN 2155-5052
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/bmsb58369.2023.10211245

6G BRAINS Topology-aware Industry-grade Network Slice Management and Orchestration

Auteurs: - Joao Fonseca - Marco Araújo - Paulo Duarte - Mohamed Khadmaoui-Bichouna - Bruno Mendes - Ignacio Sanchez-Navarro - Jose Alcaraz Calero - Pablo Salva-Garcia - Antonio Matencio
Publié dans: 2023 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), 2023
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/eucnc/6gsummit58263.2023.10188280

Simulated Annealing Optimisation for Optimising 5G Visible Light Communications Location Measurements

Auteurs: Kareem Ali, John Cosmas, Xun Zhang, Lina Shi, Ben Meunier
Publié dans: 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), 2021, Page(s) 1-6, ISBN 978-1-6654-4908-3
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547187

Process Slicing: A New Mitigation Tool for Cyber-attacks against Softwarised Industrial Environments

Auteurs: Angel Gama Garcia, Jose Alcaraz Calero, Higinio Mora Mora, Qi Wang
Publié dans: 9th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), 2023
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/netsoft57336.2023.10175447

FlexRIC: An SDK for Next-Generation SD-RANs

Auteurs: Robert Schmidt, Mikel Irazabal, Navid Nikaein
Publié dans: Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies, Numéro 17th, 2021, Page(s) 411-425, ISBN 978-1-4503-9098-9
Éditeur: ACM
DOI: 10.1145/3485983.3494870

Non-Point Visible Light Transmitter Localization based on Monocular Camera

Auteurs: Xun Zhang, Hongyiu Zhao, Yue Zhang
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: Cornell University

5G network as key-enabler for vehicular platooning

Auteurs: Paulo Duarte; Mujdat Soyturk; Ramior Robles; Marco Araújo; Berkay Yaman; Adriano Goes; Bruno Mendes; Gowhar Javanmardi; Miguel Gutierrez Gaitan
Publié dans: 2023
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/secon58729.2023.10287431

FlexApp: Flexible and low-latency xApp framework for RAN intelligent controller

Auteurs: Chie-Chun Chen; Mikel Irazabal; Chia-Yu Chang; Alireza Mohammadi; Navid Nikaein
Publié dans: IEEE International Conference on Communications, Numéro 35, 2023, Page(s) 5450-5456, ISBN 978-1-5386-7462-8
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/icc45041.2023.10278600

Flexible and Real-time Programmable RAN Slicing Framework

Auteurs: Chieh-Chun Chen, Chia-Yu Chang, Navid Nikaein
Publié dans: GLOBECOM 2023, 2023
Éditeur: IEEE

AI-driven Human-centric Control Interfaces for Industry 4.0 with Role-based Access

Auteurs: Marco Araújo
Publié dans: 2022 International Conference on INovations in Intelligent SysTemsn and Applications (INISTA), 2022, ISBN 978-1-6654-9810-4
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/inista55318.2022.9894247

RAN Simulator Is NOT What You Need: O-RAN Reinforcement Learning for the Wireless Factory

Auteurs: Ta Dang Khoa Le, Navid Nikaein
Publié dans: 2023, ISBN 978-1-4503-9990-6
Éditeur: ACM
DOI: 10.1145/3570361.3615758

Empirical design, prototyping and evaluation of a new hardware-based network slicing approach for 6G backbone networks

Auteurs: Ruben Ricart-Sanchez, Pablo Salva-Garcia, Enrique Chirivella-Perez, Jose M. Alcaraz Calero, Qi Wang
Publié dans: 2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), 2021, Page(s) 341-346, ISBN 978-1-6654-1526-2
Éditeur: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/eucnc/6gsummit51104.2021.9482495

Non-peer reviewed articles (2)

Deep learning integrated reinforcement learning for adaptive beamforming in B5G networks

Auteurs: Geoffrey Eappen, John Cosmas, Shankar T, Rajesh A, Rajagopal Nilavalan, Joji Thomas
Publié dans: IET Communications, 2022, Page(s) 2454-2466
Éditeur: IET
DOI: 10.1049/cmu2.12501

XDP-based SmartNIC hardware performance acceleration for next-generation networks

Auteurs: Pablo Salva-Garcia, Ruben Ricart-Sanchez, Enrique Chirivella-Perez, Qi Wang, Jose Alcaraz Calero
Publié dans: Journal of Network and Systems Management, Numéro Volume 30, Numéro 4, 2022, Page(s) Articel number 4, ISSN 1573-7705
Éditeur: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/s10922-022-09687-z

Other (24)

Keynote: Bringing Reinforcement learning Into Radio Light Network for Massive Connections

Auteurs: Yue Zhang, John Cosmas
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: 5G-PPP

Workshop PerIoT 2021, Track 2: IOTProD Track - Real World and Production

Auteurs: Alexander Artemenko
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: periot.github.io

6G: Will Sensing become a killer use case?

Auteurs: Alexander Artemenko
Publié dans: 2024
Éditeur: Zenodo
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10656600

Delivery of 5G Services Indoors - the wireless wire challenge and solutions

Auteurs: Kapovits, Adam; Gavras, Anastasius; Cosmas, John; Ghoraishi, Mir; Li, Xi; Zhang, Yue
Publié dans: Numéro 1, 2021
Éditeur: 5G-PPP Technology Board
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4280750

ITU-T Recommendation Y.Sup71 (2022), “Use cases for autonomous networks”.

Auteurs: Qi Wang, Jose Alcaraz Calero
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: ITU
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10402215

Simultaneous multiband (6.75 GHz, 74.25 GHz, and 305.27 GHz) channel measurements and modelling in an industrial scenario

Auteurs: Diego Dupleich, Malte Boban
Publié dans: 2023
Éditeur: ETSI
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10650088

Bringing Reinforcement Learning to Communication and Networks

Auteurs: Victor Gabillon
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: 6G BRAINS

Keynote: Advances and Challenges of Industrial IoT and co-chair of the workshop PERIOT 2021

Auteurs: Alexander Artemenko
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: 6G BRAINS project

European Vision for the 6G Network Ecosystem

Auteurs: Yue Zhang
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: 5G PPP
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5007671

Autonomous Network Management for 5G and Beyond Services and Vertical Applications: Case Studies

Auteurs: Qi Wang, Jose Alcarez Calero
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: ITU

What societal values will 6G address?

Auteurs: Anastasius Gavras
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: Zenodo
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6557534

ITU-T Recommendation Y.3183 (2022), “Framework for network slicing management assisted by machine learning leveraging QoE feedback from verticals”

Auteurs: Qi Wang, Jose Alcaraz Calero
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: ITU
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10402203

ITU-T Recommendation Y.3182 (2022), “Machine learning based end-to-end multi-domain network slice management and orchestration”.

Auteurs: Qi Wang, Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: ITU
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10402117

IoT-PROD 2022: First International Workshop on Internet of Things Pervasive Real-World Deployments

Auteurs: Alexander Artemenko
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: https://iot-prod-workshop.github.io

5G PPP Architecture Working Group - View on 5G Architecture, Version 4.0

Auteurs: Anastasius Gavras
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: Zenodo
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5155657

6G BRAINS Project

Auteurs: Anastasius Gavras, Alexander Artemenko, Yue Zhang, John Cosmas
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: 5G-PPP

Non-Public-Networks – State of the art and way forward

Auteurs: Anastasius Gavras
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: Zenodo
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7230191

5G_footprint_in_broadcast_technology - IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting

Auteurs: Anastasius Gavras
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: Eurescom GmbH

6G Vision: Bring Reinforcement-learning Into Ubiquitous Network for Massive Machine Connections

Auteurs: Yue Zhang
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: 6G BRAINS

AI-driven ubiquitous networks for massive machine connections - The 6G BRAINS project vision

Auteurs: Yue Zhang
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: Eurescom GmbH

Smart Factories: Today, Tomorrow and the Day after Tomorrow

Auteurs: Alexander Artemenko
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: 6G-BRAINS

Beyond 5G/6G KPIs and Target Values

Auteurs: Anastasius Gavras, Wei Li, Diego Dupleich
Publié dans: 2022
Éditeur: Zenodo
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6577506

6G Measurable Proof of Concept Performance KPIs

Auteurs: Wei Li
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: 6G BRAINS

Autonomous Network Management for 5G and Beyond Services and Vertical Applications

Auteurs: Qi Wang, Jose Alcaraz Calero
Publié dans: 2021
Éditeur: ITU

Monographic books (1)

Towards Sustainable and Trustworthy 6G: Challenges, Enablers, and Architectural Design

Auteurs: Ömer Bulakci, Xi Li, Marco Gramaglia, Anastasius Gavras, Mikka Uusitalo, Patrik Rigeland, Mauro Boldi
Publié dans: Towards Sustainable and Trustworthy 6G: Challenges, Enablers, and Architectural Design, 2023
Éditeur: now Publishers Inc.
DOI: 10.1561/9781638282396