The acquisition of new meanings through novel word learning

Description du projet

Comprendre la manière dont nous apprenons le sens de mots inconnus

En tant qu’adultes, nous sommes confrontés à de nouveaux mots presque tous les jours. Ces mots nous font découvrir des objets et des idées inconnus, véhiculant des significations dont nous n’étions peut-être pas conscients auparavant. Ils enrichissent notre vocabulaire de concepts neufs et de nouvelles connaissances. Cependant, comment apprendre le sens de mots inconnus en se basant uniquement sur leur sonorité ou leur apparence? Le projet BraveNewWord, financé par l’UE, associe des idées issues de la linguistique informatique à des techniques de psychologie expérimentale et de neurosciences cognitives afin d’étudier la manière dont les êtres humains dégagent un sens à partir du langage. Le projet examine le contexte linguistique, la structure des mots et la correspondance forme-sens afin de fournir une nouvelle perspective sur la manière dont les humains assimilent de nouvelles idées, améliorant ainsi notre compréhension de la relation entre le langage et la pensée.

Objectif

We learn new words almost on a daily basis: as adults, a new element is introduced in our vocabulary every other day. With new words, we also learn about new objects and ideas - in most cases new words are not simply additional labels to be applied to familiar objects: they connote meanings that are unknown to the speaker of a language. However, when we experience, as adults, an unfamiliar word, typically its referent is not immediately available in the same context. How then can language, by itself, constitute such a reliable instrument for the acquisition of novel meanings? What do we exploit to induce new meanings on the basis of an unfamiliar sequence of sounds or graphical elements? BraveNewWord addresses these questions in an innovative multidisciplinary perspective, combining cutting-edge proposals from computational linguistics and empirical investigation techniques from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. BraveNewWord posits three main sources for lexically-driven meaning acquisition: linguistic context, word structure, form-meaning mapping. The project advances a computational framework that models these mechanisms through data-driven, psychologically plausible distributional systems trained on examples of natural language usage. The quantitative characterizations and algorithmic definitions offered by these models constitute, in turn, the basis for BraveNewWord large-scale empirical investigation, involving both behavioral (reaction times, mouse-tracking trajectories, diachronic language changes) and neuroscience data (event-related potentials, neuroimaging). With its innovative perspective and advanced computational and empirical approach, BraveNewWord will constitute a non-incremental contribution to understanding how human speakers use new lexical information as a mean for enriching their semantic system, and provide a ground-breaking perspective on the cognitive processes relating language and thought.