Exciting Iron Catalysis: A route towards sustainable cross-couplings Enabled by Light

Descripción del proyecto

Un nuevo planteamiento para las reacciones de acoplamiento cruzado catalizadas por hierro

La producción de muchos productos químicos básicos depende de reacciones de acoplamiento cruzado catalizadas por paladio. El aumento de los costes y la disminución de la disponibilidad del paladio hacen necesario desarrollar alternativas sostenibles utilizando metales más abundantes como el hierro. Sin embargo, las reacciones de acoplamiento cruzado catalizadas por hierro se han infrautilizado debido a su limitado alcance, así como a la necesidad de reductores sólidos o de condiciones duras. En el proyecto ExCEL, financiado por el Consejo Europeo de Investigación, se pretende innovar en el campo de las reacciones de acoplamiento cruzado catalizadas por hierro empleando la capacidad intrínseca de los complejos de hierro para aprovechar la luz en la catálisis. Al capitalizar los estados excitados de transferencia de carga de los complejos de hierro, el equipo del proyecto se propone posibilitar transformaciones sin precedentes en condiciones suaves y que no requieran reductores organometálicos potentes. En general, este planteamiento facilitará el descubrimiento de nuevas transformaciones sintéticas.

Objetivo

The manufacture of many high-value chemicals that sustain our daily lives depends on the ability of palladium catalysts to link together (cross-coupling) complex structural motifs. Yet, in view of the rapid increase of the price of palladium and its progressive depletion, it is crucial to invent alternative and more sustainable systems based on Earth-abundant metals to ensure the viability in the long term of these strategic processes that provide us with materials, agrochemicals or medicines. Iron is considered the most benign of transition metals because it is endless, inexpensive and biocompatible. However, despite its early discovery, iron-catalyzed cross-couplings have been underutilized owing to their narrower scope and the need for strong organometallic reductants or harsh conditions, which hampers their applicability in complex targets and densely-functionalized substrates. This proposal introduces a fundamentally new approach to overcome the issues that restrain the development of iron-catalyzed cross-couplings, exploiting the innate ability of iron complexes to harvest light and repurposing it to “activate” catalysis. Capitalizing on novel modes of reactivity accessed upon visible-light irradiation, this research programme offers a strategy to access key catalytically active iron species under mild conditions without the use of strong organometallic reductants, enabling unprecedented transformations with extended scope. ExCEL recruits charge-transfer excited states of iron complexes, providing access to Fe(I)/Fe(III) and Fe(0)/Fe(II) catalytic manifolds to achieve C–C and C–heteroatom bond formation as well as multicomponent reactions that are currently out of the reach of state-of-art iron catalysis. Overall, this proposal aims to introduce a new paradigm to upgrade and unleash the full potential of iron catalysis in organic synthesis, and will pave the way for the discovery of exciting new synthetic transformations.