In M01–M18, the consortium progressed across all technical work packages, laying the foundations for integration. In WP1, the partners captured the requirements of the two demonstration sites (an industrial microgrid and a domestic PV system), defined validation KPIs and evaluation methods, and specified open, interoperable BMS principles together with hardware and software requirements. WP2 translated these into concrete designs, producing functional safety concepts and hazard analyses, performing reusability and compatibility assessments through bills of materials and CAD analysis, and delivering both the first cloud BMS backbone—covering database, APIs, security and Digital Battery Passport integration—and an AUTOSAR-inspired modular software architecture with firmware-over-the-air capabilities. WP3 focused on the hardware dimension: electrical and electronic topologies were defined and wireless BMS prototypes built with encrypted communication and reliable balancing. Strain and pressure sensors were validated for accurate State-of-Charge estimation (R² ≈ 0.996) and embedded EIS boards enabled diagnostics at cell and module level, with later evaluation shifting towards multiplexed IC-based solutions for industrial scalability. WP4 advanced the algorithmic layer, developing diagnostic and sizing tools based on UL1974 tests, clustering and techno-economic methods, together with advanced estimators such as reduced-order models, cloud-enabled prognostics, new State-of-X indicators (including State of Safety and State of Warranty), and an EIS-based thermal runaway and lithium plating detector. Finally, WP6 produced the methodology for safe disassembly and selection of modules for reuse, including inspection steps, electrochemical testing, and rejection criteria, consolidated into a validated handbook. By M18, the project had generated validated prototypes, algorithms, architectures and tools, providing a solid base for WP5 integration and the demonstration activities in WP7 and WP8.
