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Organic LEDs for ICT and Lighting Applications

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Solid State Lighting can be seen as direct and efficient conversion of energy into visible light. While inorganic LEDs are the best solid-state solution for directed light, such as spotlight, Organic LEDs (OLEDs) are a very promising technology for large area surface lighting. OLEDs are the first thin and flat light sources, which gently and evenly glow over the whole surface without much heat generation. It was the objective of the OLLA project to demonstrate high brightness and efficient OLED technology for use in real lighting and ICT applications. The project's major challenge was to advance the combination of size, lifetime and efficiency of OLEDs, without compromising on the white colour experience. With its combined targets of 50 lm/W efficiency, 10 000 hours lifetime and larger surfaces, OLLA wanted to extend the technology towards what’s generally seen as the market entrance value for initial OLED lighting products. Based on the early investigations and past experience of the partners, a wish list of novel OLED material characteristics was formulated. Based on the list, novel material were designed, synthesised and developed, followed by intense material characterisation. Once interesting materials with the right properties were found, these material layers were tested inside real OLED-devices and compared to standard devices. Over the 3 years, several hundreds of OLLA materials and compounds were made, characterised, tested and finally discussed. As this turned out to be an intense workload, a new way of material screening was developed to speed up screening and to get a better view on their specific performances. OLLA released a white paper on luminous efficacy measurement. This was developed to set a minimal laboratory evaluation standard. This standard allows cross comparison between different research groups around the world. In the final year of the project, most effort was put into the development and delivery of the OLLA lighting demonstrators and the finalization of the project tasks. A number of materials developed within the timeframe of OLLA were selected and used inside the final demonstrators. The polymer materials within OLLA have been on par with the state-of-art. Two systems, one interlayer and one single layer system were extensively investigated and compared. As final result in polymer OLEDs, the OLLA partners showed an external quantum efficiency of 5 %, in combination with a lifetime of over 1 000 hours (without additional light out coupling structures). Much higher efficacy values are achieved with phosphorescent blue "small-molecule" emitter systems. Although no remarkable progress in the development of a complete novel and stable phosphorescent blue material was reached, progress and deeper understanding was reached with mixed phosphorescent and fluorescent emitter sources. This way of making white light proved to be the best trade-off between colour point, lifetime and efficacy. Right at the end of the project, the predefined efficacy level of 50 lumens per Watt in white OLED light was reached, in combination with a lifetime of over 10 000 hours at standard brightness level. This combination of results was not shown elsewhere before. Tests with extreme lab scale light out coupling methods showed even larger lumens per Watt. This indicated that a lot more light is generated, but still is trapped inside the substrate and OLED device structure itself. Within the timeframe of the OLLA project, many materials, OLED stacks and processes were developed and large sized lighting tiles were successfully demonstrated. OLLA has clearly proven that OLED technology is applicable and fit for initial lighting application purposes.

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