Fostering the positive linkages between trade and sustainable development

Resultado final

D1.4. Network analysis of global agri-food trade flows

D1.4. will build on previous research by applying the network analysis approach to selected key value chains important from the development perspective, using the inter-country input- output (ICIO) table. The network analysis applied to trade in value added will help to describe the structure of agri-food GVCs and understand how different kinds of shocks can affect the resilience of agriculture and food systems and the needs in terms of policy action. The network analysis will inform on the different architecture of the various agri-food supply chains in terms of centrality, concentration, length and distance from final demand and distribution of value.

D2.3. Database and infographics on standards rapprochement: STCs and the bilateral measure of distance on pesticides and antibiotics

The lack of harmonization in trade standards may act as a serious barrier in international trade. According to the F2F strategy, EU imports must comply with EU higher standards on pesticides and veterinary drugs although respecting WTO rules. This deliverable will develop an innovative measure of distance in terms of Maximum Residual Level (MRLs) with regard regulations on pesticides, based on an adjusted bilateral distance that will include all registered substances regulated at worldwide level for a specific product but, in addiction to what is already available in the literature, being a bilateral measure of distance, it has the advantage of considering the stringency and the difficulties of the exporting country to access the foreign market. The measure will consider not only MRLs but also the number of substances authorized in each country. The task will also develop a new measure of distance in veterinary products regulations for animal production. This measure will be based on the divergence of national regulations on veterinary products with regard to the type and the quantities of allowed substances and will be able, in particular to focus on antibiotics use in livestock production addressing then the global threat represented by antimicrobial resistance. In order to identify potential problems that standards and their implementation pose for trade, as perceived by trading partners the task will provide an updated analysis of Specific Trade Concerns (STCs) submitted to the WTO. The analysis of selected law cases will be an important input for the discussion of WTO modernization in D2.4.

D1.2. Identification of most important indicators

The aim of D12 is to identify a system of relevant indicators of the linkages between SDGs and trade and summarise this in a database through a systematic review including scientific and nonscientific literature This exercise will help understand how the linkages identified in Task 11 can be measured consistently Criteria for indicator selection include policy relevance clear directionality clarity comparability across countries and over time accessibility An iterative process is planned here starting from a large set of data and indicators and ending up in a core set of relevant components of sustainability A crosstable between indicators and SDGs will clearly show the nature of the relationship The result of this process will inform WP3 on the relations between trade and sustainability and on which indicators are suitable to measure quantitatively this relationship

D3.2. Report on the modelling of social and distributional impact of trade and sustainability policies

Trade and sustainability policies have a large impact on agricultural households, in particular on those that are involved in the most affected food value chains. This task will investigate which SD indicators are most affected by the social and distributional impacts of trade and sustainability policies. In doing this TRADE4SD will investigate which social groups are targeted by these policies and developments in world trade. The model will be applied to Ghana breaking-down impacts with regard to social groups, analysing the resilience of different households to changes in trade and related sustainability policies i.e. the vulnerability of different households to food security and nutrition. FAO’s nutritional and undernourishment model components will contribute to this work by the provision of specific indicators. The information acquired by accomplishing D3.2. helps in building policy scenarios which highlight more and more specifically the possible benefits and risks (primarily in terms of SDGs indicators) of developments in world trade and trade and sustainability policies.

D3.3. Report on modelling the environmental impact of trade and sustainability policies

The objective of D2.3. is to assess the impact of international agricultural trade on achievement of climate goals, in line with SDGs (mainly Goal 13). GTAP_CGE-Box will be employed to evaluate the impact of specific trade agreements, energy and climate policies on CO2 and non-CO2 emissions (i.e. N2O, CH4) and water pollution. The ways to mitigate GHG emissions through international trade globally and methods to avoid relocation of pollution sources due to trade shifts are to be estimated and analysed.Hence, the G-RDEM module of CGE-Box will be used in particular since it draws on a set of projections for the so-called SSPs (Shared Socio-Economic Pathways) developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This task will establish the role of agri-food trade in achieving SDGs taking into account especially two things. First, monitoring the displacement effect - as Europe strives to achieve goals of the European Green Deal, through e.g. Paris Agreement, which is crucial to ensure avoiding the GHG leakage to other countries, e.g. Ghana, Vietnam. Second, taking into account future scenarios of global development based on SSPs. The task will provide arguments for new/better policies for trade taking into account environmental measures as tools of climate change mitigation and reduction of pollution (e.g. water).

D2.2. 3 short reports on case studies (Vietnam, Ghana, Tunisia) and 1 synthesis report on How the SDGs are currently included in preferential agreements and how are sustainability provision working

The first activity in D2.2. is to provide an overview of the way in which SDGs are typically treated in EU agreements, and to discuss this in the context of multilateral trade rules and agreements, notably the WTO. This task will undertake a qualitative survey of how non-product related agricultural issues are addressed in EU FTAs. As opposed to analysis of SPS chapters, this element would focus on relevant commitments in EU Trade and Sustainable Development (environment and labour) chapters: dedicated articles on forestry and fisheries, cooperation on relevant MEAs and other forms of regional cooperation. Case studies will be carried out in three countries (Ghana, Vietnam and Tunisia) on the extent to which the provisions described above were utilised, which provisions appeared to be more useful or productive, and what kinds of outcomes were evident.

D2.1. Report on the quantitative assessment of FTAs contribution to SDGs

The aim of D2.1. is to assess empirically the extent to which the EU’ FTAs have impacted on selected SDGs, in particular with regard to agriculture, building upon existing work as Horizon 2020 RESPECT. The underlying methodology will be, first, to econometrically estimate the relationship between the “SDG-content” of FTAs and the realization of the selected SDGs, and second, the relationship between SDGs and trade (i.e. how trade impacts on SDGs). It will apply state of the art gravity model and explore the possibility of alternative techniques based on propensity score matching and a control function approach in order to identify the causal link between FTAs, trade and the realization of SDGs. Detailed information on the measures included in respective FTAs will be obtained by the recently compiled World Bank database Deep Trade Agreements.

D4.4. Report on: Do different local institutional arrangements matter for farmers and traders' engagement in sustainable practices: results from Lab in the Field experiments

Research proposed under this deliverable employs Lab in the Field experiments to reveal the attitude of producers and traders to a range of trade policy and institutional frameworks under a variety of behavioural consistent settings. We plan to conduct a total of 4 Lab in the Field experiments in this work. There will be 2 experimental settings, one conducted with farmers, a second with traders as subjects and each will be replicated in Vietnam and Ghana. This work will bring an understanding of how context and behavioural factors influence the responses actors take to a range of trade policy and institutional frameworks.

D1.1. Review of direct and indirect linkages

By conducting a scoping exercise the aim of D11 is to identify the linkages between SDGs and trade This task will conduct a review of academic and nonacademic literature on the topic followed by stakeholder consultation in order to acquire their extensive knowledge on the linkages between SD and trade in practice The exercise will help also in understanding how some linkages might differ by region or commodity depending on political economic social and environmental contexts The participation of multiple actors including political legal economic and social stakeholders can aid to the validation of the linkages The outcome of this process will contribute to the second objective of WP1 identify direct and indirect linkages between trade and SDGs

D5.2. Paper presenting the marginal propensity to invest in sustainability: trade game results

This deliverable summarises the outcome of the trade game exercise.

D4.2.Short individual case study reports and a synthesis report ‘Effects of context heterogeneity on the relationship between trade and sustainability: Lessons from the case studies'

D4.2. draws together diverse country and global food chain evidence, and multi-disciplinary information about the context in which trade relations between the EU and some main trading partners in Asia and Africa develop, and the degree of achievement of SDGs. The work on this task will develop in coordination with WP2, which will be facilitated by CREA leading both. The proposed selection of case studies has been illustrated in the concept and in the methodology. The final selection of the case studies will be made together with the European Commission at the inception phase.The case studies will provide unique structured evidence on several aspects of the linkages between trade and sustainability, e.g. sustainable use of natural resources (i.e. deforestation); diet and nutrition; issues of social sustainability as poverty, income inequality and the ways trade policies and/or sustainability standards affect vulnerable groups (e.g. female farmers, indigenous population). An important aspect of the in-depth qualitative analysis will be to investigate whether females bear larger part of the burden of unsustainable practices. The case studies will also cover the implementation of the private standards and their effect on trade as an enhancer or a barrier to market integration of small-scale producers. In this way, they will feed evidence to Task 4.3. With regard to phytosanitary standards and food safety, this task will allow the project to assess the level of human capital (the level of knowledge about SPS requirements and regulations, presence of qualified workers), the infrastructure needed to meet SPS conditions, and governance of inspection and relevant legal bodies in the EU partner countries.

D2.4. Policy brief: Evidence-based policy recommendations for increasing the contribution of multilateral trade rules to the global sustainability by assessing potential options through which trade agreements could contribute to making progress

D2.4. will examine the relationship between WTO and other multilateral agreements (Biodiversity Convention, ILO labour standards, Paris agreement on climate). In particular, a thorough examination of all environment-relevant WTO rules that concern agriculture will be performed in cooperation with interested stakeholders. The analysis will consider the compatibility of several policy instruments (at the national, border at international level) subsidies, social measures, trade instruments, investment policies among others in particular with WTO-environment related agreements such as AA, GATT, SPS, SCM,TRIPS and others identified as relevant. The methodology applied will be a meta-analysis. The output of the analysis will be twofold. First, a Trade-SDGs Matrix – a matrix table that explicitly links particular agreements with SDGs. Second, a full analysis of the discourse and context, explaining the details of the links between them, i.e. in what way the agreements address the SDGs, e.g. conceptually, practically, by indicators, or only by general expressions, etc. Based on the analyses the best practice on how to effectively include SDG priorities in the trade agreements will be gathered and proposed in the form practical for policy makers.

D1.5. Taxonomy of GVCs

The aim of D1.5. is to define a taxonomy of global agri-food value chains according to various indicators. Our analysis will inform on how the structure of GVCs is influenced both by the characteristics of the products and by trade policy.

D5.3. Position paper on the coherence of policy frameworks

D5.3. will use the Delphi method to outline the future EU policy framework regarding agricultural trade and SDGs. The task starts with constructing the set-up from a number of novel policy instruments as alternatives for current policy tools for Delphi process. Next, the 1st round Delphi is organised as an online survey for wider expert panel, consisting of experts and stakeholders from three levels: EU, regional (Africa and Asia), and the case study countries. Results are analysed in order to prepare the feedback material and questions for the second round. A 2nd round Delphi is organised as in-depth interviews in order to gain favouring and opposing arguments, major obstacles and critical success factors of a particular policy renewal. Respondents represent the same areas as in the first round and are chosen among the first-round respondents. Respondents’ views are especially sought on the desirability, feasibility and sustainability impacts of the asked new policy instruments. Results will be drafted as a position paper, and a consensus meeting with a carefully selected group of experts/stakeholders from all studied levels will be organised. The position paper will offer steps for the transition paths in order to develop trade relations in sustainable and fair ways.

D6.4. Policy briefs by country, value chain and WTO issues

D6.4 draws together diverse country, global food chains and scenario results and policy recommendations on how to enhance trade impact on achievement of SDGs. The work on this task will summarise the policy implications and recommendations from WPs 1-5 and from the work on the previous tasks in WP6. It will provide a series of policy briefs by country, value chain and multilateral trade system issues. The number and focus of these policy briefs will be coordinated in advance with the European Commission. The target audience are primarily policy makers in the EU and national governments, government officials, lobby groups and interested members of the civil society. This work will bring practical understanding of how to enhance the contribution of trade policy to the achievement of SDGs. It will also mark a pathway for future research to fill the existing gaps in knowledge. The work on this task will be done in close coordination with WP7 and in particular with Tasks 7.4-7.6 covering the implementation of the project dissemination and exploitation components and the active social media campaign.

D3.1. Report on linking SDG indicators with models in the TRADE4SD toolbox

D31 will provide an overview on how different SDG indicators will be covered in the quantitative modelbased analysis in WP3 The models to be applied in this WP cover trade policy instruments in full details ie specific and advalorem tariffs but also tariff rate quota TRQ with differentiated rates of tariffs within and outside the quantities of TRQs Under TRADE4SD however the standard analysis of trade policies should be more broader covering also policy instruments targeted towards SDGs Task 31 will provide an overview of current modelling of SDGs related policy instruments and indicators to measure the success or degree of progress to reach different SDGsTherefore this scoping exercise will also a identify the link between quantifiable SDGindicators and policy instruments covered in the existing models b identify the need for further model development and improvement to enable existing models for a detailed and combined analysis of trade and sustainability impact of new policy options like the Green Deal or the Farm to ForkStrategies and c enhance a modelbased assessment of resilience ie to provide a better understanding of medium to longterm consequences of agriculture in a post COVID19 world

D3.4. Report on impact of trade policies on agri-food value chains

D3.4 will cover a detailed analysis of the impact of trade and sustainability policies along the agri-food value chains in exporting (‘farm to port’) and in importing countries (‘port to table’). The work will be supported by a detailed analysis of the impact of TRQ on international trade (Task 2.2 in WP2) together with the applied partial equilibrium models AGMEMOD with a focus on agri-food chains in European countries and the COSIMO model applied for agri-food markets in countries like Ghana, Vietnam and Thailand. In synergy with Task 3.2, the impact on different social groups will be estimated. AGLINK - COSIMO simulations for policies seeking to promote healthy dietary choices and fight obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases will be implemented and extended to developing countries. Results will impact on domestic policies design to improve the nutritional status of the population maximizing the positive net effects of trade on nutritional outcomes. Similarly, policies that aim to encourage consumers to adopt more sustainable/lower emissions diets will be simulated.

D1.3. Visual dashboard

In D13 a userfriendly dashboard will be elaborated visualising the direct and indirect linkages between sustainable development and agrifood trade This exercise will help informing the stakeholders and the general public on how exactly trade and sustainable development are related through indicators and what happens to an SDG if an identified trade component is changed to a certain extent This dashboard will be continuously enriched with the results of modelling WP3 and case studies WP4 This task highly contributes to the civil society dialogue

D7.6. TRADE4SD newsletters (every six months)

Every six months, a newsletter sent to the most important stakeholders are planned to be sent out under this deliverable.

D6.2. Operational visualisation training tool

The main purpose of this training tool is to visualise in a simple and clear for the user manner how the outcomes from the network analysis in WP1 and modelling in WP3 may change when some important variables are amended or added, e.g. how the outcome of the modelling scenarios may change the welfare and distributional consequences (by types of households), if there is a move from the benchmark of free trade to imposition of sustainability standards. The use of the visual tool will be backed by explanations (either written or provided by videos developed by project participants) to help the participants understand what is behind the modelling and network analysis. The work on the training tool will be carried out in intensive cooperation with the team of modellers in WP3 and the team working on WP1. The training tool will be piloted by local partners with students and groups of stakeholders. The lessons from the piloting will be used to produce the final operational tool. The tool will be left for use with the three partner Universities. The work on the training tool may require bringing additional IT expertise.

D6.1. Policy brief on trade-related MEAs enforcement in selected countries

The analysis of trade rules (WP2) and the results of models (WP3) and case studies will provide information on the potential impact of agri-food trade patterns on MEAs enforcement in several areas such as forestry, biodiversity, water use and climate. As an example, increased trade could lead to potential increase in fertilisers and pesticides use. This could contribute to water scarcity and water pollution affecting soil and the aquatic ecosystems, influencing the enforcement of MEAs such as ITTA, IPPC, CBD, unless countries enforce their own regulatory framework strengthening environmental protection. This deliverable will systematize results from WP1 to 4 in this area and provide policy recommendations to mitigate risks and optimise benefits of trade and trade-related policies, in particular through increased policy coherence in the area of national policies in selected partner countries.

Publicaciones

Interlinkages Between Agri‐Food Trade and the SDGs at the Global, Regional and Local Level

Autores: Armah N. A. Ralph, Quartey Peter, Turkson Ebo Festus, Abbey N. Emmanuel, Mawuenyega M. Butu, Huan‐Niemi Ellen
Publicado en: Journal of International Development, Edición 37, 2025, Página(s) 951-977, ISSN 0954-1748
Editor: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
DOI: 10.1002/jid.3994

Does sustainability fit in the EU-Tunisia trade relations? Evidence from the olive oil sector

Autores: FATIHA FORT, ILENIA MANETTI, MARIA ROSARIA PUPO D’ANDREA, ROBERTO HENKE, RAFFAELE D’ANNOLFO, FEDERICA MORANDI,FEDERICA DEMARIA
Publicado en: New Medit, 2025, ISSN 2611-1128
Editor: Bononia University Press
DOI: 10.30682/nm2501e

Trade and sustainability: analysing Specific Trade Concerns (STCs) through the Theory of Change

Autores: PUPO D’ANDREA, Maria Rosaria,HENKE, Roberto,QUARTO, AngeloandDEMARIA, Federica
Publicado en: Studies in Agricultural Economics, 2025, ISSN 1418-2106
Editor: AKI Agrarkozgazdasagi Intezet Nonprofit Kft
DOI: 10.7896/j.3045

Supporting agri-food environmental sustainability: a case study of the EU-Vietnam FTA

Autores: Emily Lydgate, Camille Vallier, Viet Hoang, Le Nguyen, Hong Nguyen, Chau Nguyen, Tiziana Pirelli, Annalisa Zezza
Publicado en: Journal of International Economic Law, 2025, ISSN 1369-3034
Editor: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgaf011

Resultado final

Publicaciones

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