Improving Prognosis by using innovative methods to diAgnose Causes of Encephalitis

Project Information

I-PACE

Grant agreement ID: 101001237

DOI

10.3030/101001237

EC signature date 14 June 2021

Start date 1 December 2021

End date 30 November 2026

Funded under

• EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC)

Total cost

€ 1 968 996,00

EU contribution

€ 1 968 996,00

Coordinated by

STICHTING AMSTERDAM UMC
Netherlands

CORDIS provides links to public deliverables and publications of HORIZON projects.

Links to deliverables and publications from FP7 projects, as well as links to some specific result types such as dataset and software, are dynamically retrieved from OpenAIRE .

Deliverables

Open Research Data Pilot (1)

Data Management Plan

Drafting of a data management planto be submitted by month 6 of the project

Publications

Peer reviewed articles (38)

Validation and clinical implementation of cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study

Author(s): Sabine E. Olie, Steven L. Staal, Nina S. Groeneveld, Hans H.M. Schotman, Jacob Bodilsen, Henrik Nielsen, Merijn W. Bijlsma, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, Issue 53, 2025, Page(s) 101309, ISSN 2666-7762
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101309

Heparin‐Binding Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Biomarker for Bacterial Meningitis: A Study of Diagnostic Accuracy

Author(s): Sabine E. Olie, Steven L. Staal, Ana C. da Cruz Campos, Jacob Bodilsen, Henrik Nielsen, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Annals of Neurology, 2025, ISSN 0364-5134
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
DOI: 10.1002/ana.27193

Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolome in Central Nervous System Infections: A Study of Diagnostic Accuracy

Author(s): Steven L. Staal, Sabine E. Olie, Michel van Weeghel, Bauke V. Schomakers, Frédéric M. Vaz, null null, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Annals of Neurology, Issue 98, 2025, Page(s) 851-863, ISSN 0364-5134
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
DOI: 10.1002/ana.27291

Anti-cytokine autoantibodies linked to susceptibility, bacterial load, and outcome in pneumococcal meningitis: prospective cohort studies in CNS infections, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease

Author(s): Rutger Koning, Nora Chekrouni, Lindsey B. Rosen, Marian A. van Roon, Anke A.G. Tolido, Evelien H.G.M. Drost, Dixie Bakker, Steven L. Staal, Sabine E. Olie, Wing Kit Man, Wilma D.J. van de Berg, Yolande A.L. Pijnenburg, Steven M. Holland, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: eBioMedicine, Issue 121, 2026, Page(s) 105975, ISSN 2352-3964
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105975

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory characteristics in suspected non-surgical nosocomial central nervous system infections.

Author(s): van Zeggeren IE, Pennartz CJ, Ter Horst L, van de Beek D, Brouwer MC; I-PACE Study Group.
Published in: Journal of Hospital Infections, Issue 145, 2024, Page(s) 99-105, ISSN 0195-6701
Publisher: W. B. Saunders Co., Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.12.015

Intracranial pressure management in pneumococcal meningitis: first, do no harm

Author(s): Matthijs C. Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Issue 31, 2026, Page(s) 885-887, ISSN 1198-743X
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2025.03.016

Neurological infections in 2023: surveillance and prevention

Author(s): Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C Brouwer
Published in: Lancet Neurology, Issue 23, 2024, Page(s) 30-32, ISSN 1474-4422
Publisher: The Lancet Publishing Group
DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00445-3

VIDISCA-NGS in cerebrospinal fluid of adults with a suspected viral meningoencephalitis

Author(s): Steven L. Staal, Sabine E. Olie, Martin Deijs, Arthur W.D. Edridge, Lia van der Hoek, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Journal of Infection, Issue 91, 2026, Page(s) 106534, ISSN 0163-4453
Publisher: W. B. Saunders Co., Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106534

Rabies in humans: A treatment approach

Author(s): Cornelis A. De Pijper, Pieter P.A.M. van Thiel, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Eleonora Aronica, Nicole P. Juffermans, Ron A.A. Mathôt, Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel, Janke Schinkel, Menno D. de Jong, Martin P. Grobusch, Abraham Goorhuis
Published in: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, Issue 64, 2025, Page(s) 102813, ISSN 1477-8939
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102813

Intracerebral haemorrhage in bacterial meningitis

Author(s): Shahrzad S. Deliran, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: Journal of infection, Issue 18-06-2022, 2022, Page(s) S0163-4453(22)00368-1, ISSN 0163-4453
Publisher: W. B. Saunders Co., Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.013

Diagnostic accuracy of inflammatory markers in adults with suspected central nervous system infections

Author(s): Sabine E. Olie; Steven L. Staal; Liora ter Horst; Ingeborg E. van Zeggeren; Wing K. Man; Michael W.T. Tanck; Diederik van de Beek; Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Journal of Infection, Issue 2, 2024, Page(s) 106117, ISSN 0163-4453
Publisher: W. B. Saunders Co., Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.01.016

Confused about confusion

Author(s): Anne M. Spanjaart, Fleur M. van der Valk, Geeske van Rooijen, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Marie J. Kersten
Published in: New England Journal of Medicine, Issue 386, 2022, Page(s) 80-87, ISSN 0028-4793
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
DOI: 10.1056/nejmcps2114818.

Increasing incidence of community-acquired adult group A streptococcal meningitis in the Netherlands

Author(s): Evelien H G M Drost, Nora Chekrouni, Thijs M van Soest, Kim Schipper, Nina M van Sorge, Matthijs C Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: Journal of Infection, Issue 88(1), 2024, Page(s) 68-70, ISSN 0163-4453
Publisher: W. B. Saunders Co., Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.11.007

Bacterial ribosomal RNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid using a viromics approach

Author(s): Kinsella, Cormac M; Edridge, Arthur W D; van Zeggeren, Ingeborg E; Deijs, Martin; van de Beek, Diederik; Brouwer, Matthijs C; van der Hoek, Lia
Published in: Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 19(1):102. BioMed Central, Issue 3, 2022, Page(s) 102, ISSN 2045-8118
Publisher: BioMed Central
DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00400-5

Neuronal Autoantibodies in Adults After Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis

Author(s): Steven L. Staal, Liora Ter Horst, Juliette Brenner, Diederik van de Beek, Maarten J. Titulaer, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Issue 12, 2025, ISSN 2332-7812
Publisher: Wolters Kluwer
DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200454

Granulocytes in cerebrospinal fluid of adults suspected of a central nervous system infection: a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy

Author(s): Steven L. Staal, Sabine E. Olie, Liora ter Horst, Ingeborg E. van Zeggeren, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer & I.-PACE Study Group
Published in: Infection, 2024, Page(s) online ahead of print, ISSN 0300-8126
Publisher: Urban und Vogel Medien und Medizin Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02200-5

Seizures in adults with suspected central nervous system infection

Author(s): Olie, Sabine E.; van Zeggeren, Ingeborg E.; ter Horst, Liora; Citroen, J.; van Geel, B. M.; Heckenberg, S. G.B.; Jellema, K.; Kester, M. I.; Killestein, J.; Mook, B. B.; Titulaer, M. J.; van Veen, K. E.B.; Verschuur, C. V.M.; van de Beek, Diederik; Brouwer, Matthijs C.
Published in: BMC neurology, Issue 2, 2022, Page(s) 426, ISSN 1471-2377
Publisher: BioMed Central
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02927-4

Validation of the encephalitis criteria in adults with a suspected central nervous system infection: An updated score

Author(s): Steven L. Staal, Sabine E. Olie, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Journal of Infection, Issue 89, 2024, Page(s) 106239, ISSN 0163-4453
Publisher: W. B. Saunders Co., Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106239

Global Case Fatality of Bacterial Meningitis During an 80-Year Period

Author(s): Cornelis N. van Ettekoven, Fabian D. Liechti, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Merijn W. Bijlsma, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: JAMA Network Open, Issue 7, 2024, Page(s) e2424802, ISSN 2574-3805
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.24802

Neurofilament light chain in central nervous system infections: a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy

Author(s): Ingeborg E van Zeggeren, Liora Ter Horst, Hans Heijst, Charlotte E Teunissen, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C Brouwer
Published in: Scientific reports, Issue 12, 2022, Page(s) 14140, ISSN 2045-2322
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17643-9

Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers to differentiate between neonatal bacterial meningitis and sepsis: A prospective study of diagnostic accuracy.

Author(s): Nina S. Groeneveld; Sabine E. Olie; Douwe H. Visser; Linde Snoek; Diederik van de Beek; Matthijs C. Brouwer; Merijn W. Bijlsma
Published in: International journal of infectious diseases, Issue 142, 2024, Page(s) 106970, ISSN 1201-9712
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.02.013

Biomarkers in paediatric bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy

Author(s): Nina S. Groeneveld, Merijn W. Bijlsma, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2025, ISSN 1198-743X
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.12.009

Utility of SIRS criteria and QSOFA score in identifying patients with central nervous system infections at risk for poor outcome

Author(s): Yannick C. Resok, Sabine E. Olie, Korné Jellema, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Scientific Reports, Issue 15, 2025, ISSN 2045-2322
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-21163-7

Predictors of unfavourable outcome in adults with suspected central nervous system infections: a prospective cohort study

Author(s): Liora Ter Horst, Ingeborg E van Zeggeren, Sabine E Olie; I-PACE Study Group; Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C Brouwer
Published in: Scientific reports, Issue 13, 2023, Page(s) 21250, ISSN 2045-2322
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48472-z

Diagnosing infectious encephalitis: a narrative review

Author(s): Sabine E. Olie, Steven L. Staal, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Issue 31, 2025, Page(s) 522-528, ISSN 1198-743X
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.11.026

Adjunctive dexamethasone treatment in adults with listeria monocytogenes meningitis: a prospective nationwide cohort study

Author(s): Matthijs C. Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: eClinicalMedicine, Issue 58, 2024, Page(s) 101922, ISSN 2589-5370
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101922

Sex and Gender Differences in Bacterial Infections

Author(s): Sara P. Dias; Matthijs C. Brouwer; Diederik van de Beek
Published in: Infect Immun, Issue 1, 2022, Page(s) e0028322, ISSN 0019-9567
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
DOI: 10.1128/iai.00283-22

Low Diagnostic Accuracy of Encephalitis Criteria Hinders Interpretation of the Absence of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleiocytosis

Author(s): Steven L Staal, Sabine E Olie, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C Brouwer
Published in: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Issue 81, 2025, Page(s) e56-e57, ISSN 1058-4838
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaf096

Diagnostic prediction models for bacterial meningitis in children with a suspected central nervous system infection: a systematic review and prospective validation study

Author(s): Nina S Groeneveld, Merijn W Bijlsma, Ingeborg E van Zeggeren, Steven L Staal, Michael W T Tanck, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C Brouwer
Published in: BMJ Open, Issue 14, 2025, Page(s) e081172, ISSN 2044-6055
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081172

Bacterial meningitis presenting with a normal cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count

Author(s): Thijs M. van Soest, NoraChekrouni, Nina M.van Sorge, Matthijs C.Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: Journal of Infection, Issue Volume 84, Issue 5, May 2022, 2022, Page(s) 615-620, ISSN 0163-4453
Publisher: W. B. Saunders Co., Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.02.029

Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Signs and Biochemical Parameters for External Ventricular CSF Catheter-Associated Infection

Author(s): Kirsten R.I.S. Dorresteijn, Rolf J. Verheul, Gabriëlle A.E. Ponjee, Rishi Nandoe Tewarie, Marcella C.A. Müller, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Korné Jellema
Published in: Neurology Clinical Practice, Issue 12, 2024, Page(s) 298-306, ISSN 2163-0402
Publisher: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200059

Brain Abscesses Complicating Bacterial Meningitis—A Nationwide Cohort Study From the Netherlands

Author(s): Fabian D. Liechti, Evelien H. G. M. Drost, Merijn W. Bijlsma, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: European Journal of Neurology, Issue 33, 2026, ISSN 1351-5101
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
DOI: 10.1111/ene.70524

Otitis in Patients With Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study

Author(s): Martina Ranzenigo, Thijs M van Soest, Erik F Hensen, Paola Cinque, Antonella Castagna, Matthijs C Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Issue 79, 2024, Page(s) 329-335, ISSN 1058-4838
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae221

Diagnostic Yield of Anti‐Neuronal Antibody Testing in Patients Suspected of an Infectious Encephalitis

Author(s): Liora ter Horst, Juliette Brenner, Ingeborg E. van Zeggeren, null null, Diederik van de Beek, Maarten J. Titulaer, Matthijs C. Brouwer
Published in: European Journal of Neurology, Issue 32, 2025, ISSN 1351-5101
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
DOI: 10.1111/ene.70359

Clinical features and outcomes of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> brain abscess in Denmark and the Netherlands: a multicentre cohort study

Author(s): Emilie Marie Eriksen, Merijn Bijlsma, Sabine Olie, Lykke Larsen, Merete Storgaard, Helene Mens, Henrik Nielsen, Matthijs Brouwer, Jacob Bodilsen, null null
Published in: Infectious Diseases, Issue 58, 2026, Page(s) 507-517, ISSN 2374-4235
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2025.2607395

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical characteristics and outcomes of adult pneumococcal meningitis patients – a Dutch prospective nationwide cohort study

Author(s): Fabian D. Liechti, Merijn W. Bijlsma, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: Infection, Issue 52, 2024, Page(s) 1657-1662, ISSN 0300-8126
Publisher: Urban und Vogel Medien und Medizin Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02305-x

A risk score for identifying patients at a low risk of bacterial meningitis amongst adults with cerebrospinal fluid leucocytosis and a negative gram stain result: a derivation and validation study

Author(s): Thijs M van Soest, Liora Ter Horst, Nora Chekrouni, Merijn W Bijlsma, Matthijs C Brouwer, Daniela Urueta Portillo, Diederik van de Beek, Rodrigo Hasbun
Published in: Clinical microbiology and infection, Issue 29, 2023, Page(s) 360-365, ISSN 1198-743X
Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.10.001

Sex differences in bacterial meningitis and associations with socioeconomic indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis with metaregression

Author(s): Fabian D Liechti, Cornelis N van Ettekoven, Matthijs C Brouwer, Merijn Bijlsma, Diederik van de Beek
Published in: BMJ Global Health, Issue 10, 2025, Page(s) e016802, ISSN 2059-7908
Publisher: BMJ
DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-016802