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Do grains make the difference? Plant economies during the development of urban societies in Mesopotamia

Project description

The role of agriculture on the development of urban societies in Mesopotamia

During the 4th-3rd millennia BCE in Mesopotamia, communities previously living in small egalitarian villages progressively grew into large cities. The EU-funded GRAMADIF project will investigate the role of agriculture in the emergence of these urban centres. Taxonomic and morphometric analysis will be used to identify macrobotanical remains and reconstruct plant assemblages. The research fellow will also create a database, integrating botanical results and contextual information and apply stable isotope analysis to crops and functional weed ecology to determine the growing conditions of plants. Multivariate analyses will also be used for comparisons and a literature review conducted for supra-regional synthesis. GRAMADIF's findings will help define the northern and the southern Mesopotamian agriculture, reappraising their evolution along with the urbanisation of societies.

Objective

During the 4th-3rd millennia B.C in Mesopotamia, communities previously living in small egalitarian villages progressively grew into large cities, ruled by political, religious and economic institutions. Cultural expansions and climate change contributed to socio-economic transformations and adaptations including in crop production.
The development of an intensive irrigated farming system in southern Mesopotamia enabled the rise of early cities there; simultaneously, in rain-fed northern Mesopotamia, an extensive, low-input farming system supported early cities. But while agriculture appears to be one of the main drivers behind the emergence and development of the first Near Eastern cities, the evidence mostly consists of indirect sources such as 3rd and 2nd mill. BC cuneiform texts. The study of charred macrobotanical remains (seeds, fruits, chaff) recovered from nine newly excavated archaeological sites, located in northern and southern Mesopotamia, offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct the evolution and regional variability of plant production between the 7th and the 1st mill. BC. This project will study the role and the impact of the development of agriculture in the emergence of the urban centres. With this aim, the project will 1) identify macrobotanical remains through taxonomic and morphometric analysis to reconstruct plant assemblages; 2) create a database integrating botanical results and contextual information; 3) apply stable isotope analysis (carbon and nitrogen) to crops and functional weed ecology to document growing conditions of plants; 4) use multivariate analyses for comparisons and literature review for supra-regional synthesis.
The results will allow us to define the northern and the southern Mesopotamian agriculture and to redraw their evolution along with the urbanisation of societies. The ultimate goal is to clarify how different agricultural systems (intensive vs. extensive) have resulted and supported the raise of the first cities.

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MSCA-IF - Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowships (IF)

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(opens in new window) H2020-MSCA-IF-2020

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Coordinator

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
Net EU contribution

Net EU financial contribution. The sum of money that the participant receives, deducted by the EU contribution to its linked third party. It considers the distribution of the EU financial contribution between direct beneficiaries of the project and other types of participants, like third-party participants.

€ 212 933,76
Address
WELLINGTON SQUARE UNIVERSITY OFFICES
OX1 2JD Oxford
United Kingdom

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Region
South East (England) Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Oxfordshire
Activity type
Higher or Secondary Education Establishments
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Total cost

The total costs incurred by this organisation to participate in the project, including direct and indirect costs. This amount is a subset of the overall project budget.

€ 212 933,76
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