FORWARDS work on developing innovative approaches that integrate remote sensing technologies with ground-based forest monitoring systems has developed tree water deficit mapping systems for Europe, advancement of spectral indicators for drought stress detection, and the establishment of comprehensive data infrastructure supporting forest monitoring across multiple scales. These efforts have resulted in novel machine learning models for predicting tree water stress, improved methods for linking ground observations with satellite data, and enhanced capabilities for early detection of forest health issues. FORWARDS also addresses the critical need for comprehensive disturbance monitoring across European forests through the development of advanced detection algorithms, validation datasets, and risk assessment methodologies. Progress has been achieved with the creation of pan-European disturbance maps using multiple satellite platforms, development of near-real-time alerting systems, and establishment of robust validation frameworks. The work has resulted in operational monitoring systems capable of detecting various disturbance types including selective cutting, windstorm damage, bark beetle outbreaks, and drought effects across different forest ecosystems. The work on developing spatial indicators of forest structure, function, and vitality to support Climate-Smart Forestry management and restoration activities at local scales has produced innovative tools for assessing carbon dynamics, structural conditions, and stress factors through advanced remote sensing and machine learning approaches. Key outputs include high-resolution canopy height models, early warning systems for biotic disturbances, and comprehensive monitoring frameworks that integrate multiple data sources to support evidence-based forest management decisions. Moreover, work on a spatial database on existing research and experimental management trials on climate-smart forestry and restoration forest management in Europe has been completed, and the project has developed two web-based apps for users to evaluate the effectiveness of restoration and CSF management options. The efforts towards creating an enabling environment for interaction and knowledge co-creation to support positive transformation towards CSF, climate adaptation and restoration include stakeholder workshops and citizen engagement activities.
