From a system modelling perspective, the work carried out in the project led to the identification of a single key parameter defining the feasibility of AER-based missions. This result, though conceptually simple, is highly impactful as it enables an effective comparison of different design solutions in a relatively young field — that of air-breathing electric propulsion — where there remains considerable uncertainty about the most appropriate metrics to assess concept validity. Combined with the guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) modelling activities, this represents the first study of its kind applied to very-low Earth orbit (VLEO) missions. It constitutes a clear step forward in the understanding and simulation of such systems, providing essential tools for the design of AER-based spacecraft operating in VLEO. Through interactions with space agencies and industry, it has become evident that significant uncertainties persist regarding navigation and control aspects of these missions; therefore, these achievements are key enablers for the realization of future AER-based operations in VLEO.
In parallel, the development of a novel yet practical testing methodology for AER thrusters represents a major milestone toward the technological maturation of this propulsion concept. Although conceptually straightforward, the proposed approach had never been implemented before and now offers a robust, flexible, and replicable framework for ground testing, effectively bridging the gap between laboratory experiments and flight-representative conditions.
Finally, while AER prototype development is still in its early stages, the results achieved so far confirm the feasibility of at least one CubeSat-scale configuration compatible with VLEO missions. In the next phase, continued design refinement and experimental characterization will further mature the technology. Looking ahead, an in-orbit demonstration mission will be essential to validate the AER concept in realistic conditions, assess spacecraft operation and GNC performance in VLEO, and verify the representativeness of the developed ground-test strategy. Such a mission would also provide an opportunity to evaluate the performance improvement of optical and telecommunications payloads enabled by sustained low-altitude operation, paving the way toward the commercial exploitation and broader adoption of AER technology.
