Towards standardized 6G connectivity for ambiently-powered energy neutral IoT devices

Risultati finali

This deliverable describes relevant use cases in different vertical areas where energy neutral device operation can bring particular benefits in terms of ease of use and maintenance, cost, and ecological footprint.

Initial report on low-power 6G network protocols

This deliverable proposes initial design for lightweight and secure 6G protocols that support integration of ENDs to mobile communication systems

Initial report on energy-aware computing and applications

This deliverable reports on the initial study and design of the T4.1, T4.2 and T4.3 mechanisms. The study will include state-of-the-art analysis, requirements and consideration related to the use cases discussed in T5.1 and the initial design of the Ambient-6G mechanisms from T4.1, T4.2 and T4.3.

END architecture, technology trade-off, and characterization

This deliverable contains comprehensive analysis and selection process to determine the most appropriate technologies and materials for constructing energy neutral IoT devices

Intermediate report in dissemination, exploitation and standardization activities

This deliverable will report on all WP activities on dissemination, business plan definition, exploitation and standardization, carried out during the first part of the project, and corresponding planning for the second part of the project.

Initial report on END hardware design

This deliverable describes initial hardware solutions that enable the autonomous operation of low-power IoT devices.

Initial dissemination, exploitation and standardization plan

This deliverable will provide initial project planning for the overall WP activities on dissemination, exploitation and standardization. This plan which will be regularly reviewed and updated by the consortium during the project lifetime

Pubblicazioni

AmbAu: Accurate and Robust Physical Layer Authentication for Ambient Backscatter Devices

Autori: Yifan Zhang, Yongchao Dang, Yishan Yang, Masoud Kaveh, Zheng Yan, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2025, ISSN 1938-1883
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/ICC52391.2025.11161111

MCU-Free Backscatter Communication with Light-Enabled Frequency Control for Ambient IoT

Autori: Boxuan Xie, Jari Lietzén, Kalle Koskinen, Lauri Mela, Kalle Ruttik, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: 2025 4th International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet), 2026
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/6GNET68413.2025.11314133

Performance Analysis of Fluid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Over Covert Communications

Autori: Farshad Rostami Ghadi, Masoud Kaveh, Hanjiang Hong, Kai-Kit Wong, Riku Jantti, F. Javier Lopez-Martinez
Pubblicato in: 2025 4th International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet), 2026
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/6GNET68413.2025.11314078

Experimental Study on the Effect of Synchronization Accuracy for Near-Field RF Wireless Power Transfer in Multi-Antenna Systems

Autori: Gilles Callebaut, Jarne Van Mulders, Bert Cox, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Geoffrey Ottoy, Lieven De Strycker, Liesbet Van der Perre
Pubblicato in: 2025 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2025
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.23919/EUCAP63536.2025.10999740

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine

Autori: Jarne Van Mulders, Gilles Callebaut
Pubblicato in: 2025 IEEE Wireless Power Technology Conference and Expo (WPTCE), 2025, ISSN 2329-9207
Editore: IEEE Power Electronics Society
DOI: 10.1109/WPTCE62521.2025.11062287

RIS-Aided Backscattering Tag-to-Tag Networks: Performance Analysis

Autori: Masoud Kaveh, Farshad Rostami Ghadi, Zheng Yan, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: 2025 IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom), 2026
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/MEDITCOM64437.2025.11104323

Joint Time-Frequency-Power Resource Optimization in Backscatter Device-Assisted ISAC Systems

Autori: Yifan Zhang, Shuhao Zeng, Zheng Yan, Riku Jäntti, Zhu Han
Pubblicato in: GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference, 2025, ISSN 2576-6813
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/GLOBECOM59602.2025.11431696

Starlink Ku-Band Downlink Based Ambient Backscatter Communication

Autori: Liao, Jingyi; Ruttik, Kalle; Jäntti, Riku; Han, Zhu
Pubblicato in: 2025 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications (SPAWC), 2025, ISSN 1948-3252
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/SPAWC66079.2025.11143459

Sense-then-Charge: Wireless Power Transfer to Unresponsive Devices with Unknown Location

Autori: Amirhossein Azarbahram, Onel L. A. López, Richard D. Souza, Petar Popovski, Matti Latva-aho
Pubblicato in: IEEE Globecomm 2025, 2025, ISSN 2576-6813
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2504.20580

Feasibility of Energy Neutral Wildlife Tracking using Multi-Source Energy Harvesting

Autori: Samer Nasser, Henrique Duarte Moura, Dragan Subotic, Ritesh Kumar Singh, Maarten Weyn, Jeroen Famaey
Pubblicato in: Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good, 2025
Editore: ACM
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2507.14234

Demo: Energy Neutral Backscatter Device Utilizing High Performance Commercial Components

Autori: Kalle Koskinen, Jingyi Liao, Kalle Ruttik, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: 2025 4th International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet), 2025
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/6GNET68413.2025.11314141

Long-Range Backscatter: A Bottom-Up Approach

Autori: Tijl Schepens, Gilles Callebaut, Liesbet Van der Perre
Pubblicato in: 46th Symposium on Information theory and signal processing, 2026
Editore: WIC
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2605.11811

Spatiotemporal Synchronization of Distributed Arrays using Particle-based Loopy Belief Propagation

Autori: Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Peter Vouras
Pubblicato in: 2025 IEEE Conference on Computational Imaging Using Synthetic Apertures (CISA), 2025
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/CISA64343.2025.11091572

Data Assisted Backscatter Communications Using DECT-2020 NR+ as Ambient Signal

Autori: Liao, Jingyi; Ruttik, Kalle; Jäntti, Riku; Han, Zhu
Pubblicato in: 2025 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications (SPAWC), 2025
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/SPAWC66079.2025.11143257

Drone Area Network for Remote IoT Devices

Autori: Jona Cappelle, Lieven De Strycker, Liesbet Van der Perre
Pubblicato in: 46th Symposium on Information theory and signal processing, 2026
Editore: WIC

Symbol-Synchronous Communication for Ultra-Low-Power Multi-Hop Ambient IoT Networks

Autori: Xinlei Liu, Andrey Belogaev, Jeroen Famaey
Pubblicato in: 2026 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2026, ISSN 1558-2612
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2603.23084

RF-Powered Batteryless Plant Movement Sensor for Precision Agriculture

Autori: Jona Cappelle, Jarne Van Mulders, Sarah Goossens, Thomas Reher, Liesbet Van der Perre, Lieven De Strycker, Bram Van de Poel, Gilles Callebaut
Pubblicato in: IEEE Sensors 2025, 2026, ISSN 1558-1748
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2509.13004

Posterior Cramér–Rao Bounds on Localization and Mapping Errors in Distributed MIMO SLAM

Autori: Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Xuhong Li, Florian Meyer, Erik Leitinger
Pubblicato in: 2025 59th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2025, ISSN 2576-2303
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/IEEECONF67917.2025.11443670

Secure Backscatter Communications Through RIS: Modeling and Performance

Autori: Masoud Kaveh, Farshad Rostami Ghadi, Zhao Li, Zheng Yan, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2025, ISSN 0018-9545
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2025.3612485

Physically Large Apertures for Wireless Power Transfer: Performance and Regulatory Aspects

Autori: Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Ulrich Muehlmann, Ahmet Kaplan, Gilles Callebaut, Thomas Wilding, Bert Cox, Liesbet Van der Perre, Fredrik Tufvesson, Erik G. Larsson, Klaus Witrisal
Pubblicato in: IEEE Wireless Communications, Numero 33, 2026, ISSN 1536-1284
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/MWC.2025.3636246

Li2BC: From Visible Light Communication to Ambient RF Backscatter

Autori: Xie Boxuan; Koskinen Kalle; Jantti Riku; Ruttik Kalle
Pubblicato in: 2025 16th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC), 2025, ISSN 2167-8022
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.23919/GEMIC64734.2025.10979106

Physical Layer Challenge-Response Authentication Between Ambient Backscatter Devices

Autori: Yifan Zhang, Yongchao Dang, Masoud Kaveh, Zheng Yan, Riku Jäntti, Zhu Han
Pubblicato in: IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Numero 21, 2025, ISSN 1556-6013
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2026.3655191

AmbShield: Enhancing Physical Layer Security With Ambient Backscatter Devices Against Eavesdroppers

Autori: Yifan Zhang, Yishan Yang, Masoud Kaveh, Riku Jäntti, Zheng Yan, Dusit Niyato, Zhu Han
Pubblicato in: IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Numero 21, 2026, ISSN 1556-6013
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2026.3688905

Integration of Backscatter-Based Ambient Internet of Things to Cellular Communication Systems

Autori: Riku Jäntti, Jingyi Liao, Tianshu Zhang, Boxuan Xie, Muhammad Usman Sheikh, Kalle Ruttik, Giang Phan, Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy, Ayman Hassan
Pubblicato in: IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, Numero 9, 2025, ISSN 2471-2825
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.2025.3573817

Energy Management and Wakeup for IoT Networks Powered by Energy Harvesting

Autori: David E. Ruíz-Guirola, Samuel Montejo-Sánchez, Israel Leyva-Mayorga, Zhu Han, Petar Popovski, Onel L. A. López
Pubblicato in: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Numero 13, 2026, ISSN 2327-4662
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2026.3664201

Adaptive Multipath-Based SLAM for Distributed MIMO Systems

Autori: Xuhong Li, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Erik Leitinger, Florian Meyer
Pubblicato in: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Numero 25, 2026, ISSN 1536-1276
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2506.21798

Voltage Profile-Driven Physical Layer Authentication for RIS-Aided Backscattering Tag-to-Tag Networks

Autori: Masoud Kaveh, Farshad Rostami Ghadi, Yifan Zhang, Zheng Yan, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Numero 12, 2025, ISSN 2327-4662
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3611714

Contactless Battery Solution for Sustainable IoT Devices: Assessment of Environmental Impact

Autori: Jona Cappelle, Lieven De Strycker, Liesbet Van der Perre
Pubblicato in: Electronics, Numero 14, 2025, ISSN 2079-9292
Editore: MDPI AG
DOI: 10.3390/ELECTRONICS14214140

Artificial Noise Management for Securing Backscatter Communication Networks: Current Advances, Open Challenges, and Future Directions

Autori: Yifan Zhang, Zheng Yan, Jie Wang, Yishan Yang, Zhao Li, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: IEEE Network, 2025, ISSN 0890-8044
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/MNET.2025.3570547

Computer Communications

Autori: Rostami Ghadi, Farshad; Kaveh, Masoud; Wong, Kai-Kit; Martín De Andrés, Diego; Jäntti, Riku; Yan, Zheng
Pubblicato in: Computer Communications, 2025, ISSN 0140-3664
Editore: Elsevier
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2501.09106

Context-Awareness for Dependable Low-Power IoT

Autori: David E. Ruiz-Guirola, Prasoon Raghuwanshi, Gabriel M. De Jesus, Mateen Ashraf, Onel L. A. Lopez
Pubblicato in: IEEE Communications Magazine, Numero 64, 2026, ISSN 0163-6804
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.001.2500638

Ambient IoT Connectivity Topologies: Technology Enablers, Applications, and Challenges

Autori: Azzam Al-nahari, Jingyi Liao, Riku Jäntti, Deepak Mishra, Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy, Yi Zhou
Pubblicato in: IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, Numero 9, 2026, ISSN 2576-3199
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/MIOT.2025.3596177

Ambient IoT: Backscatter-Based Connectivity Topologies and Outage Behavior

Autori: Azzam Al-Nahari, Riku Jäntti, Deepak Mishra, Yi Zhou
Pubblicato in: IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, Numero 12, 2026, ISSN 2332-7731
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/TCCN.2025.3586219

Wireless Energy Transfer Beamforming Optimization for Intelligent Transmitting Surface

Autori: Osmel Martínez Rosabal, Onel L. Alcaraz López, Victoria Dala Pegorara Souto, Richard Demo Souza, Samuel Montejo-Sánchez, Robert Schober, Hirley Alves
Pubblicato in: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Numero 25, 2025, ISSN 1536-1276
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2507.06805

Physical Layer Security Over Fluid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Communication Systems

Autori: Masoud Kaveh, Farshad Rostami Ghadi, Francisco Hernando-Gallego, Diego Martín, Kai-Kit Wong, Riku Jäntti
Pubblicato in: IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, Numero 15, 2026, ISSN 2162-2337
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2509.24845

End-to-End Joint Waveform and Beamforming Optimization for RF Wireless Power Transfer with Hybrid Transmit Architecture and Non-Linear Energy Harvesters

Autori: Abdul Basit Khattak, Amirhossein Azarbahram, Deepak Kumar, Matti Latva-aho, Onel L. A. López
Pubblicato in: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2025, ISSN 2327-4662
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3631508

IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

Autori: Yifan Zhang; Boxuan Xie; Yishan Yang; Zheng Yan 0002; Riku Jäntti; Zhu Han 0001
Pubblicato in: IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2025, ISSN 1556-6013
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2025.3585453

Risultati dei progetti

Risultati finali

Pubblicazioni

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