STORM: Simulating Transient and clumpy Outflows in Radiative and Magnetized disk around black holes

Ziel

Accretion disks around black holes power some of the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. They release energy not only through radiation and jets, but also through winds–dense, wide-angle outflows. Winds play a fundamental role in accretion theory as they regulate accretion, shape black hole feedback, and imprint distinctive spectral features over the disk emission. Recent observations from the XRISM mission have revealed that these winds are not smooth and steady, as long assumed, but fragmented, transient and multiphase. This discovery challenges all existing theoretical models, which treat winds as continuous flows and neglect their dynamic connection to the accretion disk. This project aims to build the next generation of models for black hole disk winds by coupling, for the first time, magnetic, radiative and thermal driving mechanisms in fully three-dimensional simulations that self-consistently include the disk-wind interaction. Using the state-of-the-art GPU-accelerated codes IDEFIX and AthenaK, I will explore three key regimes: (1) ultra-fast outflows in AGN, testing hybrid magneto-radiative launching; (2) multiphase winds in X-ray binaries, probing magneto-thermal driving; and (3) ultra-fast magnetic winds driving spectral state transition in X-ray binaries. By overcoming the main limitations of current models–isolated wind launching mechanisms and missing disk-wind coupling–this project will establish the physical origin of winds across the black hole mass scale and provide the theoretical foundation for interpreting data from XRISM, and the forthcoming NewAthena mission.

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