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Controlled thermonuclear fusion. Association Euratom/ENEA

Ziel

A) ENEA (Frascati)

The principal scientific objectives of FTU are as follows :

a) the study of plasma confinement under reactor conditions, at medium-high density in the presence of considerable additional heating;
b) the study of RF heating with electron-ion coupling under reactor conditions;

B) ECRH experiment at high density, FTU (Milan)

The experiment provides for the injection into the plasma of the FTU Tokamak of electromagnetic waves at a frequency of 140 Ghz, with a power deposited in the plasma of the order of 1 MW, in such a way as to enable a study to be made of the effects on the heating, transport and stability of the plasma of wave absorption in electron cyclotron resonance, even in the presence of energetic electrons with "down-shifted" resonance and current generation.

C) CNR (Padua)

The programme of activity of the Padua Group coincides with the RFX Project; in the period under consideration, the construction phase of the new experimental facility will be completed and it will be put to use for the first time.
The programme chiefly concerns an analysis of the factors governing the proper initiation of the experiments, the determination of the first measurements and the preparation of the requisite diagnostic instruments and the appropriate simulation codes.

ASSOCIATION EURATOM/ENEA

History of the EURATOM-ENEA Association
Started 1959 as a Subassociation to Euratom-CEA, which then became the Euratom-ENEA Association in 1960. It pioneered in the '60 very high density and inertial confinement fusion schemes. From the 70's the program was prevalently devoted to tokamaks research and related technologies.

Present scientific and technical programme
- Magnetic confinement studies, centered on the exploitation of the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade facility.
- Fusion technology, NET/ITER related programmes (Superconductivity, Remote handling, Plasma Facing Components, Safety, various tasks, etc.), and Long term programs (Blanket, Materials, IFMIF, Neutron Source, etc.).
- Frascati Neutron Generator : 1xE(12) n/s.
- Inertial confinement studies : Laser ABC system. Keep-in-touch activity with the international research programme on inertial confinement.

Staff
Professionals : 150
Technical staff : 210

Yearly budget (expenditure 1994): about 53 Mio ECU (including the Milano and Padova/ CNR Research Units)

Management structure
Head of Research Unit : R. ANDREANI
The Fusion Sector of the ENEA's Energy Department includes three Units : Physics, Technology, Experimental Engineering subdivided in Projects, Divisions and Special Units. Management is assisted by a special Support Unit. Other ENEA Units are contributing to the programme through subcontracts.

Collaboration with other institutions
ITER European Home Team, ITER Joint Central Team, European Laboratories of the Fusion Associations, in particular : JET-Culham; IPP-Garching; CRPP-Villigen and Lausanne; CEA-Cadarache.
In addition : PPPL-Princeton; ORNL-Oak Ridge; MIT-Cambridge; Lebedev Inst.-Moscow Kurchatov Inst.-Moscow; Trinity Inst.-Moscow Institute Applied Physics-Novgorod; others.

ASSOCIATION EURATOM/ENEA (CNR - Milano)

History of Association/Laboratory

- Laboratorio di Fisica del Plasma e di elettronica quantistica del CNR, date of fundation 29.1.1970.
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma CNR : fundation date 20.12.1979.
- Association Euratom/CNR : Contracts 46/76/I/FUAI; 54/79/I/FUAI; 102/82/I/FUAI.
- Association Euratom/ENEA (CNR) : Contracts 202/85/I/FUAI; 343/88/I/FUAI actual contract.

Present scientific and technical programme

- Experiment on Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating of the plasma of the FTU tokamak of ENEA;
- Experimental activity on tritium handling; H2 isotopes permeation in fusion materials
- Theoretical activity on plasma physics: wave propagation in plasmas, plasma confinement and heating, study of thermonuclear regimes.


Staff

Professionals : 19
Technical staff: 15
University collaborators (physicists): 6

Management structure

Head of Research Unit : G. LAMPIS

Collaboration with other institutions

CRE ENEA-Frascati; JET J.U.; NET Team; JRC-Ispra; Ontario-Hydro, Toronto; ITER TEAM; FOM-Nieuwegein

EURATOM/ENEA (CNR - Padova)

History of Association/Laboratory

- Association Euratom/CNR : Contracts 46/76/I/FUAI; 54/79/I/FUAI; 102/82/I/FUAI.
- Association Euratom/ENEA (CNR) : Contracts 202/85/I/FUAI; 343/88/I/FUAI actual contract.
The activity of the Padua group for fusion research increased substantially in 1984 after the start of the RFX (Reversed Field Pinch eXperiment) project. In November 1991, the RFX device started operation with plasmas after 3 months of commissioning of the complete plant.

Present scientific and technical programme

Plasma Physics and Controlled Thermonuclear fusion.
The RFX project is intended to be a significant step along the Reversed-Field-Pinch line for the evaluation of its reactor-relevant properties. The main parameters of the machine are: 2 MA nominal plasma current, 1020 m-3 averaged plasma density, 0.7 T maximum toroidal magnetic field, 72.5 MJ stored inductive energy; 2 m major radius and 0.5 m minor radius).
The first period of operation (end 1991) was devoted to analysing the breakdown of the gas (H2), testing the various cleaning techniques and performing the first attempts to set-up the configuration. Preliminary operation allows to affirm that the machine availability is already good and the performances in full agreement with the design specifications.

Staff

Professionals : 70

Management structure

Head of Research Unit : G. ROSTAGNI

Collaboration with other institutions

UKAEA-Culham (scientific cooperation), Los Alamos USA (technical/scientific cooperation), Cork University (Ireland), Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm), Wisconsin University, ETL (Japan), MIT Mass.(USA), Sandia Nat. Lab. (USA), SAIC (USA), CEA-Cadarache, KFA-Jülich

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Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie l'Energia e l'Ambiente (ENEA)
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