The work performed along the duration of the project included collection of newspaper articles from the selected outlets. The textual data has been obtained via newspapers’ online archives or manually collected from Factiva News database. Data was analysed using R free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. This process has allowed us to identify major trends in EU coverage most notably:
- Visibility of EU issues;
- Policy topics associated to the EU;
- Polarity (positive or negative tone) of coverage;
- Main frames (conflict, competition, morality, economic impact) associated with EU reporting;
- Metaphors used to describe the EU;
- Coverage of the various crises Europe has gone through over the last twenty years.
Main findings:
• EU receives little visibility in the media and tends to be reported negatively. News’ titles have more negative language then the body of text;
• Conflict frame prevails;
• The EU is regarded as an intergovernmental actor and economic power, but as a weak and contradictory normative power;
• Crises – Brexit, Eurozone, refugees – significantly increase EU coverage;
• Coverage of Brexit negotiations and the mutalization of sovereign debt have led to a more positive and cohesive image of the EU;
Results
Coverage of European affairs has a strong intergovernmental character. The texts focus predominantly on the EU’s economic dimension and, to a lesser extent, on the capacity of the EU to send market and environmental standards.
The EU still receives relatively little attention from the media and is usually viewed through negative lenses. Events such as EU Council meetings and European Parliament (EP) elections increase coverage of EU politics but are seen from an almost exclusively national perspective. Conflict framing and emphasis on divergences between member states, or between states and EU institutions are also recurrent in newspapers analysed, most notably in the French case. Nevertheless, coverage becomes more positive whenever the EU can be opposed to another actor, as seen at specific events such as the negotiation around the Kyoto protocol, competition between Boeing and Airbus and following the ‘Brexit’ referendum.
The tone of the coverage is largely determined by the newspapers’ editorial line and the country rather than the political leaning of the outlet. The result of UK referendum allowed for the EU to be seen as one consistent and cohesive actor, whose positions were vocalised the European Commission's chief negotiator Michel Barnier and member states’ leaders. The analysis reinforces Jean Monnet’s assertion that “Europe will be forged in crisis.” Coverage was prompted by events such as the Eurozone crisis followed by the massive arrival of refugees in 2015, the result of the Brexit referendum (2016) and the Covid-19 pandemic.
The Eurozone crisis has reinforced the intergovernmental dimension of the EU as well as its image of an economic (sometimes 'strict' and 'inflexible') actor. The conflict frame marked by opposition of Germany-led northern countries and the southern ones subject to ‘draconian’ policies dictated by Germany and the Troika. Qualitative analysis of sampled articles confirms the predominance of conflict frame and indicates a highly emotional coverage of the Eurozone crisis marked by analogies with natural disasters (“edge of the abyss”, “earthquake”), namely in the Italian press. Spanish and Portuguese coverage, on the other hand, tended to use more disease metaphors when referring to the crisis, therefore referring to austerity measures as “bitter medicines” to discipline states. These frames do not imply, however, full support for these measures. Coverage of centre-left outlets have frequently stressed the strict character of the strict technocratic measures “imposed” by the EU, while centre-right newspapers tend to cover (also) the disciplinary character.
Dissemination events included
• Hybrid workshop where master and PhD students as well as junior scholars have presented their work on different aspects of the relationship between the media and the EU, and engaged with 30 Sciences Po Master students in European affairs;
• Virtual round table with six early career and established scholars based in Portugal, France, Italy and Austria, with a view of proposing an academic panel at a European conference in 2022.
